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MICROBIOLOGY
The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Brazilian National Genome Project Consortium ^*

Edited by Robert Haselkorn, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved July 7, 2003 (received for review April 11, 2003)

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) 500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) widespread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications.

Abbreviation: TTSS, type III secretory system.

Data deposition: The sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in the GenBank database (accession no. AE016825).

^* Brazilian National Genome Project Consortium: Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos^a, Darcy F. de Almeida^b, Mariangela Hungria^c, Claudia Teixeira Guimarães^d, Regina Vasconcellos Antônio^e, Francisca Cunha Almeida^f, Luiz G. P. de Almeida^a, Rosana de Almeida^g, José Antonio Alves-Gomes^h, Elizabeth Mazoni Andradeⁱ, Julia Araripe^j, Magnólia Fernandes Florêncio de Araújo^k, Spartaco Astolfi-Filho^l, Vasco Azevedoⁱ, Alessandra Jorge Baptista^m, Luiz Artur Mendes Batausⁿ, Jacqueline da Silva Batista^h, André Beló^o,Cássio van den Berg^p, Maurício Bogo^r, Sandro Bonatto^r, Juliano Bordignon^s, Marcelo Macedo Brigido^m, Cristiana Alves Brito^t, Marcelo Brocchi^g, Helio Almeida Burity^u, Anamaria Aranha Camargo^v, Divina das Dores de Paula Cardoso^w, Newton Portilho Carneiro^d, Dirce Maria Carraro^v, Cláudia Márcia Benedetto Carvalhoⁱ, Júlio Cézar de Mattos Cascardo^x, Benildo Sousa Cavada^y, Ligia Maria O. Chueire^c, Tânia Beatriz Creczynski-Pasa^z, Nivaldo Costa da Cunha-Junior^c, Nelson Fagundes^r, Clarissa Lima Falcão^o, Fabiana Fantinatti^aa, Izeni Pires Farias^l, Maria Sueli Soares Felipe^m, Lilian Pereira Ferrari^p, Jesus Aparecido Ferro^bb, Maria Inês Tiraboschi Ferro^bb, Gloria Regina Franco^t, Nara Suzy Aguiar de Freitas^cc, Luiz Roberto Furlan^dd, Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli^t, Eliane Aparecida Gomes^d, Pablo Rodrigues Gonçalves^f, Thalles Barbosa Grangeiro^y, Dario Grattapaglia^o, Edmundo Carlos Grisard^s, Ebert Seixas Hanna^g,Sílvia Neto Jardim^d, Jomar Laurino^r,Lélia Cristina Tenório Leoi^o, Lucymara Fassarella Agnez Lima^ee, Maria de Fatima Loureiro^c, Maria do Carmo Catanho Pereira de Lyra^cc, Humberto Maciel França Madeira^p, Gilson Paulo Manfio^aa, Andrea Queiroz Maranhão^m, Wellington Santos Martins^o, Sônia Marli Zingaretti di Mauro^bb, Silvia Regina Batistuzzo de Medeiros^ee, Rosely de Vasconcellos Meissner^k, Miguel Angelo Martins Moreira^f, Fabrícia Ferreira do Nascimento^f, Marisa Fabiana Nicolás^c, Jaquelline Germano Oliveira^t, Sergio Costa Oliveira^t, Roger Ferreira Cury Paixão^a, Juliana Alves Parenteⁿ, Fabio de Oliveira Pedrosa^ff, Sergio Danilo Junho Pena^t, José Odair Pereira^gg, Maristela Pereiraⁿ, Luciana Santos Rodrigues Costa Pinto^x, Luciano da Silva Pinto^y, Jorge Ivan Rebelo Porto^h, Deise Porto Potrich^hh, Cicero Eduardo Ramalho-Netoⁱⁱ, Alessandra Maria Moreira Reis^o, Liu Um Rigo^ff, Edson Rondinelli^jj, Elen Bethleen Pedraça do Santos^l, Fabrício R. Santosⁱ, Maria Paula Cruz Schneider^kk, Hector N. Seuanez^f,q, Ana Maria Rodrigues Silva^m, Artur Luiz da Costa da Silva^kk, Denise Wanderlei Silvaⁱⁱ, Rosane Silva^j, Isabella de Carmo Simões^m, Daniel Simon^r, Célia Maria de Almeida Soaresⁿ, Renata de Bastos Ascenço Soaresⁿ, Emanuel Maltempi Souza^ff, Kelly Rose Lobo de Souza^f, Rangel Celso Souza^a, Maria Berenice Reynaud Steffens^ff, Mário Steindel^s, Santuza Ribeiro Teixeira^t, Turan Urmenyi^j, André Vettore^v, Roseli Wassem^ff, Arnaldo Zaha^hh, and Andrew John George Simpson^v,ll.

^kkDepartment of Genetics, Federal University of Pará, Campus Universitário Guamá, Caixa Postal 8607, CEP 66.075-970, Belém, PA, Brazil; ^aLabinfo, Laboratorio Nacional de Computação Científica/Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia, Rua Getúlio Vargas 333, CEP 25651-071, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil; ^bInstitute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitaria, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; ^bbDepartment of Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; ^ddDepartment of Animal Nutrition, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 18610-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; ^mDepartment of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, CEP 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil; ^ffDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19046, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; ^hhDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Centro de Biotecnologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Caixa Postal 15.005, CEP 91.501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; ⁱDepartment of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, CEP 31270-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; ⁱⁱDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Genomics, and Proteomics, Federal University ofAlagoas, Campus Delza Gitai km. 85 BR 104 Norte, CEP 57100-000, Rio Largo, AL, Brazil; ^oDepartment of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, 916 Norte CEP 70.790-160, Brasília, DF, Brazil; ^aaCentro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas (CPQBA), Divisão de Recursos Microbianos (DRM), Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Caixa Postal CP 6171, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; ^rFaculty of Biosciences, Center of Genomic and Molecular Biology, Rio Grande do sul Pontifical Catholic University, Avenida Ipiranga 6681-Prédio 12C, CEP 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; ^sDepartment of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Caixa Postal 476, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; ^dDepartment of Applied Biology, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Caixa Postal 151, CEP 35701-970, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil; ^xDepartment of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus-Itabuna Road, km. 16, CEP 45650-000, Ilheus, BA, Brazil; ⁿDepartment of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Science Institution, Federal University of Goias, Campus Samambaia, CEP 74001-970, Goiania, GO, Brazil; ^hCoordination of Research in Aquatic Biology, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araujo, 2936, Caixa Postal 480, CEP 69060-001, Manaus, AM, Brazil; ^eeDepartment of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59076-700, Natal, RN, Brazil; ^lBiology Department, Amazonas Federal University, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos 3000, CEP 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil; ^yDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Campus do Pici, s/n bl. 907 CP 6033, CEP 6041-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; ^fGenetics Division-Diretoria de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti 37, CEP 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; ^gDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; ^cLaboratory of Biotechnology of Soils, Embrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, CEP 86-001970, Londrina, PR, Brazil; ^vLaboratory of Genetics, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Rua Professor Antonio Prudente, 109/4°. andar, CEP 01509-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; ^ccDepartment of Biology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, CEP 52171-930, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brazil; ^uEMBRAPA/Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Recife, PE, Brazil; ^pCenter for Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Paraná Pontifical Catholic University, Rod. BR-376, km. 14, CEP 83010-500, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil; ^qDepartment of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68011, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; ^wDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology, and Pathology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua Delenda Rezende de Melo, Setor Universitário, CEP 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; ^zDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, Caixa Postal 476, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; ^kDepartment of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59076-700, Natal, RN, Brazil; ^tDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; ^eDepartment of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Caixa Postal 470, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; ^ggDepartment of Fundamental Science and Agricola Development, Amazonas Federal University, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos 3000, CEP 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil; ^jDepartment of Molecular and Structural Biology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Bl. G, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Cidade Universitaria, CEP 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; and ^jjDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitaria, CEP 21.949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

^llTo whom correspondence should be addressed at: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158. E-mail: asimpson{at}licr.org.

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