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Published online on May 1, 2001, 10.1073/pnas.101086398

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Psychology
 Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence

Diana Reiss*,dagger ,Dagger ,§ and Lori MarinoDagger ,

* Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences, New York Aquarium, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brooklyn, NY 11224; dagger  Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027; and  Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, The Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, and The Living Links Center for the Advanced Study of Ape and Human Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322

Communicated by Donald R. Griffin, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, February 20, 2001 (received for review October 3, 2000)

The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror is an exceedingly rare capacity in the animal kingdom. To date, only humans and great apes have shown convincing evidence of mirror self-recognition. Two dolphins were exposed to reflective surfaces, and both demonstrated responses consistent with the use of the mirror to investigate marked parts of the body. This ability to use a mirror to inspect parts of the body is a striking example of evolutionary convergence with great apes and humans.

Dagger D.R. and L.M. contributed equally to this work.

§ To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: dlr28{at}columbia.edu.

www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.101086398
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