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Published online on June 10, 2005, 10.1073/pnas.0502923102
PNAS | June 21, 2005 | vol. 102 | no. 25 | 9068-9073


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From the Cover
PLANT BIOLOGY
Gene movement by Helitron transposons contributes to the haplotype variability of maize

Jinsheng Lai *, Yubin Li *, Joachim Messing *, and Hugo K. Dooner *, {dagger}, {ddagger}

*The Waksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08855; and {dagger}Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901

Edited by Susan R. Wessler, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, and approved May 9, 2005 (received for review April 11, 2005)

Different maize inbred lines are polymorphic for the presence or absence of genic sequences at various allelic chromosomal locations. In the bz genomic region, located in 9S, sequences homologous to four different genes from rice and Arabidopsis are present in line McC but absent from line B73. It is shown here that this apparent intraspecific violation of genetic colinearity arises from the movement of genes or gene fragments by Helitrons, a recently discovered class of eukaryotic transposons. Two Helitrons, HelA and HelB, account for all of the genic differences distinguishing the two bz locus haplotypes. HelA is 5.9 kb long and contains sequences for three of the four genes found only in the McC bz genomic region. A nearly identical copy of HelA was isolated from a 5S chromosomal location in B73. Both the 9S and 5S sites appear to be polymorphic in maize, suggesting that these Helitrons have been active recently. Helitrons lack the strong predictive terminal features of other transposons, so the definition of their ends is greatly facilitated by the identification of their vacant sites in Helitron-minus lines. The ends of the 2.7-kb HelB Helitron were discerned from a comparison of the McC haplotype sequence with that of yet a third line, Mo17, because the HelB vacant site is deleted in B73. Maize Helitrons resemble rice Pack-MULEs in their ability to capture genes or gene fragments from several loci and move them around the genome, features that confer on them a potential role in gene evolution.

genome variability | Helitrons | bz locus | corn | polymorphisms

Author contributions: J.L. and H.K.D. designed research; J.L., Y.L., and H.K.D. performed research; J.L., Y.L., J.M., and H.K.D. analyzed data; and H.K.D. wrote the paper.

This paper was submitted directly (Track II) to the PNAS office.

Abbreviations: BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; GSS, genome survey sequence; RC, rolling-circle.

Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. AC159612, DQ000639, and DQ003206).

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dooner{at}waksman.rutgers.edu.

© 2005 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA


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