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Published online on October 3, 2005, 10.1073/pnas.0506915102
PNAS | October 11, 2005 | vol. 102 | no. 41 | 14700-14705
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EVOLUTION
EVOPRINTER, a multigenomic comparative tool for rapid identification of functionally important DNA

Ward F. Odenwald *, {dagger}, Wayne Rasband {ddagger}, Alexander Kuzin *, and Thomas Brody *, {dagger}

*Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and {ddagger}Office of the Scientific Director, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892

Communicated by Marshall Nirenberg, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, August 10, 2005 (received for review July 5, 2005)

Here, we describe a multigenomic DNA sequence-analysis tool, EVOPRINTER, that facilitates the rapid identification of evolutionary conserved sequences within the context of a single species. The EVOPRINTER output identifies multispecies-conserved DNA sequences as they exist in a reference DNA. This identification is accomplished by superimposing multiple reference DNA vs. test-genome pairwise BLAT (BLAST-like alignment tool) readouts of the reference DNA to identify conserved nucleotides that are shared by all orthologous DNAs. EVOPRINTER analysis of well characterized genes reveals that most, if not all, of the conserved sequences are essential for gene function. For example, analysis of orthologous genes that are shared by many vertebrates identifies conserved DNA in both protein-encoding sequences and noncoding cis-regulatory regions, including enhancers and mRNA microRNA binding sites. In Drosophila, the combined mutational histories of five or more species affords near-base pair resolution of conserved transcription factor DNA-binding sites, and essential amino acids are revealed by the nucleotide flexibility of their codon-wobble position(s). Conserved small peptide-encoding genes, which had been undetected by conventional gene-prediction algorithms, are identified by the codon-wobble signatures of invariant amino acids. Also, EVOPRINTER allows one to assess the degree of evolutionary divergence between orthologous DNAs by highlighting differences between a selected species and the other test species.

comparative genomics | evolution | gene structure and function

Author contributions: W.F.O., W.R., A.K., and T.B. designed research; W.F.O., A.K., and T.B. performed research; W.F.O., W.R., A.K., and T.B. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; W.F.O., W.R., A.K., and T.B. analyzed data; and W.F.O. and T.B. wrote the paper.

Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.

Abbreviations: MSC, multispecies-conserved sequence; EVODIF, EVODIFFERENCE; bHLH, basic helix-loop-helix; Kr, Krüppel; Hb, Hunchback.

{dagger} To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: ward{at}codon.nih.gov or brodyt{at}ninds.nih.gov.


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