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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Delayed resistance to transgenic cotton in pink bollworm

Bruce E. Tabashnik ^*, Timothy J. Dennehy, and Yves Carrière

Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721

Communicated by William S. Bowers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, September 8, 2005 (received for review July 11, 2005)

Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some key insect pests and thus can reduce reliance on insecticides. Widespread planting of such Bt crops increased concerns that their usefulness would be cut short by rapid evolution of resistance to Bt toxins by pests. Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is a major pest that has experienced intense selection for resistance to Bt cotton in Arizona since 1997. We monitored pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin for 8 years with laboratory bioassays of strains derived annually from 10-17 cotton fields statewide. Bioassay results show no net increase from 1997 to 2004 in the mean frequency of pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin. A synthesis of experimental and modeling results suggests that this delay in resistance can be explained by refuges of cotton without Bt toxin, recessive inheritance of resistance, incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.

Bacillus thuringiensis | resistance management | transgenic crops

Conflict of interest statement: The authors received funding from three organizations that could be affected financially by this article, the Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council, Cotton Inc., and Monsanto.

Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.

Abbreviation: Bt, Bacillus thuringiensis.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: brucet{at}ag.arizona.edu.

© 2005 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA

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