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Published online on March 20, 2006, 10.1073/pnas.0510791103
PNAS | March 28, 2006 | vol. 103 | no. 13 | 5224-5229


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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES / PLANT BIOLOGY
Mechanisms of chromosome number reduction in Arabidopsis thaliana and related Brassicaceae species

Martin A. Lysak*,{dagger}, Alexandre Berr{ddagger}, Ales Pecinka{ddagger}, Renate Schmidt§, Kim McBreen, and Ingo Schubert{ddagger}

*Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, United Kingdom; {ddagger}Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; §Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; and Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Edited by Maarten Koornneef, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and approved February 1, 2006 (received for review December 14, 2005)

Evolution of chromosome complements can be resolved by genome sequencing, comparative genetic mapping, and comparative chromosome painting. Previously, comparison of genetic maps and gene-based phylogenies suggested that the karyotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana (n = 5) and of related species with six or seven chromosome pairs were derived from an ancestral karyotype with eight chromosome pairs. To test this hypothesis, we applied multicolor chromosome painting using contiguous bacterial artificial chromosome pools of A. thaliana arranged according to the genetic maps of Arabidopsis lyrata and Capsella rubella (both n = 8) to A. thaliana, A. lyrata, Neslia paniculata, Turritis glabra, and Hornungia alpina. This approach allowed us to map the A. lyrata centromeres as a prerequisite to defining a putative ancestral karyotype (n = 8) and to elucidate the evolutionary mechanisms that shaped the karyotype of A. thaliana and its relatives. We conclude that chromosome "fusions" in A. thaliana resulted from (i) generation of acrocentric chromosomes by pericentric inversions, (ii) reciprocal translocation between two chromosomes (one or both acrocentric), and (iii) elimination of a minichromosome that arose in addition to the "fusion chromosome." Comparative chromosome painting applied to N. paniculata (n = 7), T. glabra (n = 6), and H. alpina (n = 6), for which genetic maps are not available, revealed chromosomal colinearity between all species tested and allowed us to reconstruct the evolution of their chromosomes from a putative ancestral karyotype (n = 8). Although involving different ancestral chromosomes, chromosome number reduction followed similar routes as found within the genus Arabidopsis.

chromosome painting | genome homeology | karyotype evolution | genome colinearity | phylogeny

Author contributions: M.A.L. and I.S. designed research; M.A.L., A.B., A.P., and K.M. performed research; R.S. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; M.A.L., A.B., K.M., and I.S. analyzed data; and M.A.L., K.M., and I.S. wrote the paper.

Conflict of interest statement: No conflicts declared.

Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. AF167571, M64119, AY198405, X52320, AP000423, and DQ310510–DQ310545).

This paper was submitted directly (Track II) to the PNAS office.

{dagger}To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom. E-mail: m.lysak{at}kew.org

© 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA


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