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Published online on June 11, 2007, 10.1073/pnas.0703988104
PNAS | July 3, 2007 | vol. 104 | no. 27 | 11304-11309


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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES / DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Life cycle transcriptome of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae and comparison with the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster

Anastasios C. Koutsos*,{dagger}, Claudia Blass*,{dagger},{ddagger}, Stephan Meister*,{dagger}, Sabine Schmidt{dagger}, Robert M. MacCallum*, Marcelo B. Soares§,¶, Frank H. Collins||, Vladimir Benes{dagger}, Evgeny Zdobnov**, Fotis C. Kafatos*,{dagger}{dagger}, and George K. Christophides*,{dagger}{dagger}

*Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom; {dagger}European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; §Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; ||Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556; and **Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland

Contributed by Fotis C. Kafatos, May 10, 2007 (received for review January 25, 2007)

The African mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the major vector of human malaria. We report a genome-wide survey of mosquito gene expression profiles clustered temporally into developmental programs and spatially into adult tissue-specific patterns. Global expression analysis shows that genes that belong to related functional categories or that encode the same or functionally linked protein domains are associated with characteristic developmental programs or tissue patterns. Comparative analysis of our data together with data published from Drosophila melanogaster reveal an overall strong and positive correlation of developmental expression between orthologous genes. The degree of correlation varies, depending on association of orthologs with certain developmental programs or functional groups. Interestingly, the similarity of gene expression is not correlated with the coding sequence similarity of orthologs, indicating that expression profiles and coding sequences evolve independently. In addition to providing a comprehensive view of temporal and spatial gene expression during the A. gambiae life cycle, this large-scale comparative transcriptomic analysis has detected important evolutionary features of insect transcriptomes.

comparative transcriptomics | insect development | insect evolution | microarrays

Author contributions: A.C.K. and G.K.C. designed research; A.C.K., C.B., S.M., and G.K.C. performed research; C.B., S.S., R.M.M., M.B.S., F.H.C., V.B., and E.Z. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; A.C.K., F.C.K., and G.K.C. analyzed data; and A.C.K., F.C.K., and G.K.C. wrote the paper.

{ddagger}Present address: German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Present address: Children's Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60614.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data deposition: The microarray data reported in this paper have been deposited in ArrayExpress (accession nos. E-TABM-186 and E-TABM153) and are graphically available through VectorBase at www.vectorbase.org/ExpressionData.

This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0703988104/DC1.

{dagger}{dagger}To whom correspondence may be addressed at: Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Room 6167, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom. E-mail: f.kafatos{at}imperial.ac.uk or g.christophides{at}imperial.ac.uk

© 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA


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