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Published online on November 28, 2007, 10.1073/pnas.0708072104
PNAS | December 4, 2007 | vol. 104 | no. 49 | 19363-19368
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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES / EVOLUTION
Using plastid genome-scale data to resolve enigmatic relationships among basal angiosperms

Michael J. Moore{dagger},{ddagger}, Charles D. Bell§, Pamela S. Soltis, and Douglas E. Soltis{dagger}

{dagger}Department of Botany and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and §Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70149

Communicated by David L. Dilcher, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, August 28, 2007 (received for review June 15, 2007)

Although great progress has been made in clarifying deep-level angiosperm relationships, several early nodes in the angiosperm branch of the Tree of Life have proved difficult to resolve. Perhaps the last great question remaining in basal angiosperm phylogeny involves the branching order among the five major clades of mesangiosperms (Ceratophyllum, Chloranthaceae, eudicots, magnoliids, and monocots). Previous analyses have found no consistent support for relationships among these clades. In an effort to resolve these relationships, we performed phylogenetic analyses of 61 plastid genes ({approx}42,000 bp) for 45 taxa, including members of all major basal angiosperm lineages. We also report the complete plastid genome sequence of Ceratophyllum demersum. Parsimony analyses of combined and partitioned data sets varied in the placement of several taxa, particularly Ceratophyllum, whereas maximum-likelihood (ML) trees were more topologically stable. Total evidence ML analyses recovered a clade of Chloranthaceae + magnoliids as sister to a well supported clade of monocots + (Ceratophyllum + eudicots). ML bootstrap and Bayesian support values for these relationships were generally high, although approximately unbiased topology tests could not reject several alternative topologies. The extremely short branches separating these five lineages imply a rapid diversification estimated to have occurred between 143.8 ± 4.8 and 140.3 ± 4.8 Mya.

Ceratophyllum | molecular dating | phylogenetics | mesangiosperms

Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.

Author contributions: P.S.S. and D.E.S. designed research; M.J.M. performed research; M.J.M. and C.D.B. analyzed data; and M.J.M., C.D.B., P.S.S., and D.E.S. wrote the paper.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession no. EF614270).

This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0708072104/DC1.

{ddagger}To whom correspondence should be addressed at the present address: Biology Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074-1097. E-mail: michael.moore{at}oberlin.edu

© 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA


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PNAS, December 4, 2007; 104(49): 19369 - 19374.
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