Higher origination and extinction rates in larger mammals

doi:10.1073/pnas.0709763105

Higher origination and extinction rates in larger mammals

*Center for Ecological & Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway;
^†Department of Geology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
^‡Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
^§Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
^¶Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5400, FIN-02015 Helsinki, Finland; and
^‖Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138

Edited by David Pilbeam, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved February 5, 2008 (received for review October 14, 2007)

Abstract

Do large mammals evolve faster than small mammals or vice versa? Because the answer to this question contributes to our understanding of how life-history affects long-term and large-scale evolutionary patterns, and how microevolutionary rates scale-up to macroevolutionary rates, it has received much attention. A satisfactory or consistent answer to this question is lacking, however. Here, we take a fresh look at this problem using a large fossil dataset of mammals from the Neogene of the Old World (NOW). Controlling for sampling biases, calculating per capita origination and extinction rates of boundary-crossers and estimating survival probabilities using capture-mark-recapture (CMR) methods, we found the recurring pattern that large mammal genera and species have higher origination and extinction rates, and therefore shorter durations. This pattern is surprising in the light of molecular studies, which show that smaller animals, with their shorter generation times and higher metabolic rates, have greater absolute rates of evolution. However, higher molecular rates do not necessarily translate to higher taxon rates because both the biotic and physical environments interact with phenotypic variation, in part fueled by mutations, to affect origination and extinction rates. To explain the observed pattern, we propose that the ability to evolve and maintain behavior such as hibernation, torpor and burrowing, collectively termed “sleep-or-hide” (SLOH) behavior, serves as a means of environmental buffering during expected and unexpected environmental change. SLOH behavior is more common in some small mammals, and, as a result, SLOH small mammals contribute to higher average survivorship and lower origination probabilities among small mammals.

Footnotes

**To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: n.c.stenseth{at}bio.uio.no
Author contributions: L.H.L., M.F., H.M., and N.C.S. designed research; L.H.L., M.F., E.B., K.L., and L.F. performed research; L.H.L., E.B., K.L., H.M., and L.F. analyzed data; and L.H.L., M.F., L.F., and N.C.S. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0709763105/DCSupplemental.