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Published online on November 6, 2001, 10.1073/pnas.241391498

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Evolution
 Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming

William E. Bradshaw* and Christina M. Holzapfel

Ecology and Evolution Program, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1210

Edited by May R. Berenbaum, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, and approved September 13, 2001 (received for review July 26, 2001)

To date, all altered patterns of seasonal interactions observed in insects, birds, amphibians, and plants associated with global warming during the latter half of the 20th century are explicable as variable expressions of plastic phenotypes. Over the last 30 years, the genetically controlled photoperiodic response of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, has shifted toward shorter, more southern daylengths as growing seasons have become longer. This shift is detectable over a time interval as short as 5 years. Faster evolutionary response has occurred in northern populations where selection is stronger and genetic variation is greater than in southern populations. W. smithii represents an example of actual genetic differentiation of a seasonality trait that is consistent with an adaptive evolutionary response to recent global warming.

* To whom reprint requests should be sent at the present address: General Delivery, Black Butte Ranch, OR 97759. E-mail: wyomya{at}aol.com.

www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.241391498
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