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Vol. 96, Issue 7, 3807-3812, March 30, 1999 (experimental evolution / molecular
evolution / morphological evolution / insertion sequence
elements / Escherichia coli)
* Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;
Edited by John R. Roth, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, and
approved February 3, 1999 (received for review July 21, 1998)
Molecular methods are used widely to measure genetic diversity
within populations and determine relationships among species. However,
it is difficult to observe genomic evolution in action because these
dynamics are too slow in most organisms. To overcome this limitation,
we sampled genomes from populations of Escherichia coli
evolving in the laboratory for 10,000 generations. We analyzed the
genomes for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) using
seven insertion sequences (IS) as probes; most polymorphisms detected
by this approach reflect rearrangements (including transpositions) rather than point mutations. The evolving genomes became increasingly different from their ancestor over time. Moreover, tremendous diversity
accumulated within each population, such that almost every individual
had a different genetic fingerprint after 10,000 generations. As has
been often suggested, but not previously shown by experiment, the rates
of phenotypic and genomic change were discordant, both across replicate
populations and over time within a population. Certain pivotal
mutations were shared by all descendants in a population, and these are
candidates for beneficial mutations, which are rare and difficult to
find. More generally, these data show that the genome is highly dynamic
even over a time scale that is, from an evolutionary perspective, very brief.
Copyright © 1999 by The National Academy of Sciences 0027-8424/99/963807-6$2.00/0
Evolution
Genomic evolution during a 10,000-generation experiment
with bacteria
,,
,,¶
Génomique Bactérienne et Evolution,
Université Joseph Fourier, Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique EP2029, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-LRC12,
F-38041 Grenoble, France; and § Center for Microbial Ecology,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
D.P. and D.S. contributed equally to this paper.
¶
To whom reprint requests should be addressed at:
Génomique Bactérienne et Evolution, Université Joseph
Fourier, 38041 Grenoble, France. e-mail:
michel.blot{at}ujf-grenoble.fr.
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