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Published online on February 20, 2001, 10.1073/pnas.051605998
PNAS | February 27, 2001 | vol. 98 | no. 5 | 2509-2514


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Evolution
 Positive Darwinian selection drives the evolution of several female reproductive proteins in mammals

(zona pellucida / ZP3 / fertilization / sperm competition / sexual conflict)

Willie J. Swanson*,dagger , Ziheng YangDagger , Mariana F. Wolfner*, and Charles F. Aquadro*

* Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703; and Dagger  Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, United Kingdom

Communicated by M. T. Clegg, University of California, Riverside, CA, December 20, 2000 (received for review May 15, 2000)

Rapid evolution driven by positive Darwinian selection is a recurrent theme in male reproductive protein evolution. In contrast, positive selection has never been demonstrated for female reproductive proteins. Here, we perform phylogeny-based tests on three female mammalian fertilization proteins and demonstrate positive selection promoting their divergence. Two of these female fertilization proteins, the zona pellucida glycoproteins ZP2 and ZP3, are part of the mammalian egg coat. Several sites identified in ZP3 as likely to be under positive selection are located in a region previously demonstrated to be involved in species-specific sperm-egg interaction, suggesting the selective pressure is related to male-female interaction. The results provide long-sought evidence for two evolutionary hypotheses: sperm competition and sexual conflict.

dagger To whom reprint requests should be addressed. Email: wjs18{at}cornell.edu.

www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.051605998
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