Previous Article |
Table of Contents
| Next Article 
* Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Edited by Vincent Massey, University of Michigan Medical School,
Ann Arbor, MI, and approved January 3, 2001 (received for review October 31, 2000)
Phototropin, a major blue-light receptor for phototropism in seed
plants, exhibits blue-light-dependent autophosphorylation and contains
two light, oxygen, or voltage (LOV) domains and a serine/threonine
kinase domain. The LOV domains share homology with the PER-ARNT-SIM
(PAS) superfamily, a diverse group of sensor proteins. Each LOV domain
noncovalently binds a single FMN molecule and exhibits reversible
photochemistry in vitro when expressed separately or in
tandem. We have determined the crystal structure of the LOV2 domain
from the phototropin segment of the chimeric fern photoreceptor phy3 to
2.7-Å resolution. The structure constitutes an FMN-binding fold that
reveals how the flavin cofactor is embedded in the protein. The
single LOV2 cysteine residue is located 4.2 Å from flavin atom C(4a),
consistent with a model in which absorption of blue light induces
formation of a covalent cysteinyl-C(4a) adduct. Residues that interact
with FMN in the phototropin segment of the chimeric fern photoreceptor
(phy3) LOV2 are conserved in LOV domains from phototropin of other
plant species and from three proteins involved in the regulation of
circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis and
Neurospora. This conservation suggests that these
domains exhibit the same overall fold and share a common mechanism
for flavin binding and light-induced signaling.
Biochemistry
Structure of a flavin-binding plant photoreceptor domain:
Insights into light-mediated signal transduction
and,
,§
Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, and
§ Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of
Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637
To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail:
scrosson{at}midway.uchicago.edu or moffat{at}cars.uchicago.edu.
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.051520298
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles in HighWire Press-hosted journals:
|
|
 |
|
  Z. Cao, V. Buttani, A. Losi, and W. Gartner A Blue Light Inducible Two-Component Signal Transduction System in the Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Biophys. J., February 1, 2008; 94(3): 897 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Chae, C. E. Nargang, I. A. Cleary, C. C. Lin, A. T. Todd, and F. E. Nargang Two Zinc-Cluster Transcription Factors Control Induction of Alternative Oxidase in Neurospora crassa Genetics, December 1, 2007; 177(4): 1997 - 2006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Meissner, E. Schleicher, S. Weber, and L.-O. Essen The Dodecin from Thermus thermophilus, a Bifunctional Cofactor Storage Protein J. Biol. Chem., November 9, 2007; 282(45): 33142 - 33154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. E. Swartz, T.-S. Tseng, M. A. Frederickson, G. Paris, D. J. Comerci, G. Rajashekara, J.-G. Kim, M. B. Mudgett, G. A. Splitter, R. A. Ugalde, et al. Blue-Light-Activated Histidine Kinases: Two-Component Sensors in Bacteria Science, August 24, 2007; 317(5841): 1090 - 1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Tanaka, H. Takahashi, and T. Shimizu Critical Role of the Heme Axial Ligand, Met95, in Locking Catalysis of the Phosphodiesterase from Escherichia coli (Ec DOS) toward Cyclic diGMP J. Biol. Chem., July 20, 2007; 282(29): 21301 - 21307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Lin, L. C. Johnson, H. Weissbach, N. Brot, M. O. Lively, and W. T. Lowther Free methionine-(R)-sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli reveals a new GAF domain function PNAS, June 5, 2007; 104(23): 9597 - 9602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. D. Zoltowski, C. Schwerdtfeger, J. Widom, J. J. Loros, A. M. Bilwes, J. C. Dunlap, and B. R. Crane Conformational Switching in the Fungal Light Sensor Vivid Science, May 18, 2007; 316(5827): 1054 - 1057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Jones, K. A. Feeney, S. M. Kelly, and J. M. Christie Mutational Analysis of Phototropin 1 Provides Insights into the Mechanism Underlying LOV2 Signal Transmission J. Biol. Chem., March 2, 2007; 282(9): 6405 - 6414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.-Y. Cho, T.-S. Tseng, E. Kaiserli, S. Sullivan, J. M. Christie, and W. R. Briggs Physiological Roles of the Light, Oxygen, or Voltage Domains of Phototropin 1 and Phototropin 2 in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, January 1, 2007; 143(1): 517 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L. Freddolino, M. Dittrich, and K. Schulten Dynamic Switching Mechanisms in LOV1 and LOV2 Domains of Plant Phototropins Biophys. J., November 15, 2006; 91(10): 3630 - 3639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Nakasone, T. Eitoku, D. Matsuoka, S. Tokutomi, and M. Terazima Kinetic Measurement of Transient Dimerization and Dissociation Reactions of Arabidopsis Phototropin 1 LOV2 Domain Biophys. J., July 15, 2006; 91(2): 645 - 653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Mukherjee and T. R. Burglin MEKHLA, a Novel Domain with Similarity to PAS Domains, Is Fused to Plant Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper III Proteins. Plant Physiology, April 1, 2006; 140(4): 1142 - 1150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Idnurm, J. Rodriguez-Romero, L. M. Corrochano, C. Sanz, E. A. Iturriaga, A. P. Eslava, and J. Heitman From the Cover: The Phycomyces madA gene encodes a blue-light photoreceptor for phototropism and other light responses PNAS, March 21, 2006; 103(12): 4546 - 4551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. J. Watts, K. Sommer, S. L. Fry, M. S. Johnson, and B. L. Taylor Function of the N-Terminal Cap of the PAS Domain in Signaling by the Aerotaxis Receptor Aer J. Bacteriol., March 15, 2006; 188(6): 2154 - 2162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Schmoll, L. Franchi, and C. P. Kubicek Envoy, a PAS/LOV Domain Protein of Hypocrea jecorina (Anamorph Trichoderma reesei), Modulates Cellulase Gene Transcription in Response to Light Eukaryot. Cell, December 1, 2005; 4(12): 1998 - 2007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. He and Y. Liu Molecular mechanism of light responses in Neurospora: from light-induced transcription to photoadaptation Genes & Dev., December 1, 2005; 19(23): 2888 - 2899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Matsuoka and S. Tokutomi Blue light-regulated molecular switch of Ser/Thr kinase in phototropin PNAS, September 13, 2005; 102(37): 13337 - 13342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Terashima, K. Yuki, H. Muraguchi, M. Akiyama, and T. Kamada The dst1 Gene Involved in Mushroom Photomorphogenesis of Coprinus cinereus Encodes a Putative Photoreceptor for Blue Light Genetics, September 1, 2005; 171(1): 101 - 108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Jung, T. Domratcheva, M. Tarutina, Q. Wu, W.-h. Ko, R. L. Shoeman, M. Gomelsky, K. H. Gardner, and I. Schlichting Structure of a bacterial BLUF photoreceptor: Insights into blue light-mediated signal transduction PNAS, August 30, 2005; 102(35): 12350 - 12355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Pandini and L. Bonati Conservation and specialization in PAS domain dynamics Protein Eng. Des. Sel., March 1, 2005; 18(3): 127 - 137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Watts, Q. Ma, M. S. Johnson, and B. L. Taylor Interactions between the PAS and HAMP Domains of the Escherichia coli Aerotaxis Receptor Aer J. Bacteriol., November 1, 2004; 186(21): 7440 - 7449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Ma, F. Roy, S. Herrmann, B. L. Taylor, and M. S. Johnson The Aer Protein of Escherichia coli Forms a Homodimer Independent of the Signaling Domain and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Binding J. Bacteriol., November 1, 2004; 186(21): 7456 - 7459. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Casas-Flores, M. Rios-Momberg, M. Bibbins, P. Ponce-Noyola, and A. Herrera-Estrella BLR-1 and BLR-2, key regulatory elements of photoconidiation and mycelial growth in Trichoderma atroviride Microbiology, November 1, 2004; 150(11): 3561 - 3569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Herrmann, Q. Ma, M. S. Johnson, A. V. Repik, and B. L. Taylor PAS Domain of the Aer Redox Sensor Requires C-Terminal Residues for Native-Fold Formation and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Binding J. Bacteriol., October 15, 2004; 186(20): 6782 - 6791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kurokawa, D.-S. Lee, M. Watanabe, I. Sagami, B. Mikami, C. S. Raman, and T. Shimizu A Redox-controlled Molecular Switch Revealed by the Crystal Structure of a Bacterial Heme PAS Sensor J. Biol. Chem., May 7, 2004; 279(19): 20186 - 20193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Yoshida and K. Hasunuma Reactive Oxygen Species Affect Photomorphogenesis in Neurospora crassa J. Biol. Chem., February 20, 2004; 279(8): 6986 - 6993. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Backlund and M. Ingelman-Sundberg Different Structural Requirements of the Ligand Binding Domain of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor for High- and Low-Affinity Ligand Binding and Receptor Activation Mol. Pharmacol., February 1, 2004; 65(2): 416 - 425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Losi, T. Kottke, and P. Hegemann Recording of Blue Light-Induced Energy and Volume Changes within the Wild-Type and Mutated Phot-LOV1 Domain from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Biophys. J., February 1, 2004; 86(2): 1051 - 1060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. A. Erbel, P. B. Card, O. Karakuzu, R. K. Bruick, and K. H. Gardner Structural basis for PAS domain heterodimerization in the basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor PNAS, December 23, 2003; 100(26): 15504 - 15509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Liscum, D. W. Hodgson, and T. J. Campbell Blue Light Signaling through the Cryptochromes and Phototropins. So That's What the Blues Is All About Plant Physiology, December 1, 2003; 133(4): 1429 - 1436. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kinoshita, T. Emi, M. Tominaga, K. Sakamoto, A. Shigenaga, M. Doi, and K.-i. Shimazaki Blue-Light- and Phosphorylation-Dependent Binding of a 14-3-3 Protein to Phototropins in Stomatal Guard Cells of Broad Bean Plant Physiology, December 1, 2003; 133(4): 1453 - 1463. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Folta, E. J. Lieg, T. Durham, and E. P. Spalding Primary Inhibition of Hypocotyl Growth and Phototropism Depend Differently on Phototropin-Mediated Increases in Cytoplasmic Calcium Induced by Blue Light Plant Physiology, December 1, 2003; 133(4): 1464 - 1470. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Reinelt, E. Hofmann, T. Gerharz, M. Bott, and D. R. Madden The Structure of the Periplasmic Ligand-binding Domain of the Sensor Kinase CitA Reveals the First Extracellular PAS Domain J. Biol. Chem., October 3, 2003; 278(40): 39189 - 39196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Harper, L. C. Neil, and K. H. Gardner Structural Basis of a Phototropin Light Switch Science, September 12, 2003; 301(5639): 1541 - 1544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Liu Molecular Mechanisms of Entrainment in the Neurospora Circadian Clock J Biol Rhythms, June 1, 2003; 18(3): 195 - 205. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Cheng, Q. He, Y. Yang, L. Wang, and Y. Liu Functional conservation of light, oxygen, or voltage domains in light sensing PNAS, May 13, 2003; 100(10): 5938 - 5943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Vreede, M. A. van der Horst, K. J. Hellingwerf, W. Crielaard, and D. M. F. van Aalten PAS Domains. COMMON STRUCTURE AND COMMON FLEXIBILITY J. Biol. Chem., May 9, 2003; 278(20): 18434 - 18439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-Y. Kim, R. Geng, and D. E. Somers Circadian phase-specific degradation of the F-box protein ZTL is mediated by the proteasome PNAS, April 15, 2003; 100(8): 4933 - 4938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Fedorov, I. Schlichting, E. Hartmann, T. Domratcheva, M. Fuhrmann, and P. Hegemann Crystal Structures and Molecular Mechanism of a Light-Induced Signaling Switch: The Phot-LOV1 Domain from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Biophys. J., April 1, 2003; 84(4): 2474 - 2482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. W. M. Kay, E. Schleicher, A. Kuppig, H. Hofner, W. Rudiger, M. Schleicher, M. Fischer, A. Bacher, S. Weber, and G. Richter Blue Light Perception in Plants. DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LIGHT-INDUCED NEUTRAL FLAVIN RADICAL IN A C450A MUTANT OF PHOTOTROPIN J. Biol. Chem., March 21, 2003; 278(13): 10973 - 10982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kottke, J. Heberle, D. Hehn, B. Dick, and P. Hegemann Phot-LOV1: Photocycle of a Blue-Light Receptor Domain from the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Biophys. J., February 1, 2003; 84(2): 1192 - 1201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. B. Corchnoy, T. E. Swartz, J. W. Lewis, I. Szundi, W. R. Briggs, and R. A. Bogomolni Intramolecular Proton Transfers and Structural Changes during the Photocycle of the LOV2 Domain of Phototropin 1 J. Biol. Chem., January 3, 2003; 278(2): 724 - 731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Ataka, P. Hegemann, and J. Heberle Vibrational Spectroscopy of an Algal Phot-LOV1 Domain Probes the Molecular Changes Associated with Blue-Light Reception Biophys. J., January 1, 2003; 84(1): 466 - 474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Dioum, J. Rutter, J. R. Tuckerman, G. Gonzalez, M.-A. Gilles-Gonzalez, and S. L. McKnight NPAS2: A Gas-Responsive Transcription Factor Science, December 20, 2002; 298(5602): 2385 - 2387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. He, P. Cheng, Y. Yang, L. Wang, K. H. Gardner, and Y. Liu White Collar-1, a DNA Binding Transcription Factor and a Light Sensor Science, August 2, 2002; 297(5582): 840 - 843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Froehlich, Y. Liu, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap White Collar-1, a Circadian Blue Light Photoreceptor, Binding to the frequency Promoter Science, August 2, 2002; 297(5582): 815 - 819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kasahara, T. E. Swartz, M. A. Olney, A. Onodera, N. Mochizuki, H. Fukuzawa, E. Asamizu, S. Tabata, H. Kanegae, M. Takano, et al. Photochemical Properties of the Flavin Mononucleotide-Binding Domains of the Phototropins from Arabidopsis, Rice, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Plant Physiology, June 1, 2002; 129(2): 762 - 773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Crosson and K. Moffat Photoexcited Structure of a Plant Photoreceptor Domain Reveals a Light-Driven Molecular Switch PLANT CELL, May 1, 2002; 14(5): 1067 - 1075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Lin Blue Light Receptors and Signal Transduction PLANT CELL, May 1, 2002; 14(90001): S207 - 225. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Salomon, W. Eisenreich, H. Durr, E. Schleicher, E. Knieb, V. Massey, W. Rudiger, F. Muller, A. Bacher, and G. Richter An optomechanical transducer in the blue light receptor phototropin from Avena sativa PNAS, October 12, 2001; (2001) 221455298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Campbell and E. Liscum Plant Photobiology 2001: A Thousand Points of Enlightenment from Receptor Structures to Ecological Adaptation PLANT CELL, August 1, 2001; 13(8): 1704 - 1710. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Sakai, T. Kagawa, M. Kasahara, T. E. Swartz, J. M. Christie, W. R. Briggs, M. Wada, and K. Okada Arabidopsis nph1 and npl1: Blue light receptors that mediate both phototropism and chloroplast relocation PNAS, May 18, 2001; (2001) 101137598. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. E. Swartz, S. B. Corchnoy, J. M. Christie, J. W. Lewis, I. Szundi, W. R. Briggs, and R. A. Bogomolni The Photocycle of a Flavin-binding Domain of the Blue Light Photoreceptor Phototropin J. Biol. Chem., September 21, 2001; 276(39): 36493 - 36500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Christie and W. R. Briggs Blue Light Sensing in Higher Plants J. Biol. Chem., April 6, 2001; 276(15): 11457 - 11460. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Sakai, T. Kagawa, M. Kasahara, T. E. Swartz, J. M. Christie, W. R. Briggs, M. Wada, and K. Okada Arabidopsis nph1 and npl1: Blue light receptors that mediate both phototropism and chloroplast relocation PNAS, June 5, 2001; 98(12): 6969 - 6974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Salomon, W. Eisenreich, H. Durr, E. Schleicher, E. Knieb, V. Massey, W. Rudiger, F. Muller, A. Bacher, and G. Richter An optomechanical transducer in the blue light receptor phototropin from Avena sativa PNAS, October 23, 2001; 98(22): 12357 - 12361. < |
