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* Fidelity Systems, Gaithersburg, MD 20879: § National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894;
Communicated by Dieter Söll, Yale University, New Haven,
CT, December 14, 2001 (received for review December 3, 2001)
We have determined the complete 1,694,969-nt sequence of the
GC-rich genome of Methanopyrus kandleri by using
a whole direct genome sequencing approach. This approach
is based on unlinking of genomic DNA with the ThermoFidelase version of
M. kandleri topoisomerase V and cycle sequencing
directed by 2'-modified oligonucleotides (Fimers). Sequencing
redundancy (3.3×) was sufficient to assemble the genome with less than
one error per 40 kb. Using a combination of sequence database searches
and coding potential prediction, 1,692 protein-coding genes and 39 genes for structural RNAs were identified. M. kandleri
proteins show an unusually high content of negatively charged amino
acids, which might be an adaptation to the high intracellular salinity.
Previous phylogenetic analysis of 16S RNA suggested that M.
kandleri belonged to a very deep branch, close to the root of
the archaeal tree. However, genome comparisons indicate that, in both
trees constructed using concatenated alignments of ribosomal proteins
and trees based on gene content, M. kandleri
consistently groups with other archaeal methanogens. M.
kandleri shares the set of genes implicated in methanogenesis and, in part, its operon organization with Methanococcus
jannaschii and Methanothermobacter
thermoautotrophicum. These findings indicate that archaeal
methanogens are monophyletic. A distinctive feature of M.
kandleri is the paucity of proteins involved in signaling and
regulation of gene expression. Also, M. kandleri appears
to have fewer genes acquired via lateral transfer than other archaea. These features might reflect the extreme habitat of this organism.
Microbiology
The complete genome of hyperthermophile Methanopyrus
kandleri AV19 and monophyly of archaeal methanogens
,
,
,
M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of
Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117871, Russia; and ¶ Department of Microbiology, University of
Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail:
alex{at}fidelitysystems.com.
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.032671499
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