Evolutionary animation: How do molecular phylogenies compare to Mayr's reconstruction of speciation patterns in the sea?

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   Fig. 1.

   Molecular phylogenies based on COI (COI plus ATPase8/6 for Diadema) from eight sea urchin genera. Data are from refs. 8-16. The double arrows mark the completion of the Isthmus of Panama at ≈3.1 million years ago. This date is assumed to be approximate for the divergence of Caribbean and eastern Pacific species within the six genera marked by the arrows. Trees are rooted by species from closely related genera (see refs. 8-16 for details) and are drawn to the same temporal scale. See the text for group definitions.

   
   
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   Fig. 2.

   Genetic divergence among sister species in eight sea urchin genera separated into four groups, representing different stages of allopatric speciation. See the text for the definition of each group. Mitochondrial DNA divergence is based on Kimura two-parameter distances at the COI gene (COI plus ATPase8/6 for Diadema). Data are based on Fig. 1 and refs. 8-16. Medians are marked by arrows.

   
   
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   Fig. 3.

   Genetic divergence of allopatric versus sympatric sister species of sea urchins in groups representing different stages of speciation. See the text for group definitions. Data are as in Figs. 1 and 2.

   
   
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   Fig. 4.

   Frequency of sympatric and allopatric species in sea urchin genera with different rates of bindin evolution.