Variation in xylem structure from tropics to tundra: Evidence from vestured pits

Jansen et al. 10.1073/pnas.0402621101.

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Floristic checklists surveyed according to the macroclimatic categories recognized

Seasonal (deciduous), tropical woodlands (savannas)

N. Surinam, savanna (1); India, moist deciduous forests of Dangs (2); Ivory Coast (3); Belize, Pine Savanna (4); Mozambique, (http://w3.sasol.com/natural_gas/Environment/SEISMIC%20Document%20PDF/Appendix%20C/Appendix%20C.pdf); D.R. Congo, Katanga (5); Cerrado, Central Brazil (6, 7); Cerrado, Matto Grosso, Brazil (8); Brazil (9).

Warm and cold deserts

Sahara and Sahel (10); Saudi Arabia (11); East Sahara (12); Sahara (13); Chihuahuan Desert (14); Southern California (15); Peruvian and Atacama desert (www.sacha.org/envir/deserts/flora/taxa/dic.htm).

Everwet, tropical lowlands (rainforest)

Sulawesi (16); peat swamp forests, Sarawak and Brunei (17); Jengka forest reserve, Malaya (18); Amazonia (19); Amazonas rainforest (20); Brazil (9); India, Kudremukh National Park (www.kudremukh.org/kudremukh/woody.html); Atlantic rainforest in Rio de Janeiro State (21); North Surinam rainforest (22); Iquitos, Peru (23); Polynesia (24); Serranía de Pilón Lajas and the adjacent Piedmont, Ballivian Province, Beni, Bolivia (www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/bolivia/pilonchecklist/welcome.shtml).

Subtropical to warm temperate regions (everwet subtropical rainforests, subtropical savannas with a wet summer, and subtropical areas with a wet winter)

Japan (25); Europe (26); Swaziland (27); Israel (28); Brazil (9); West branch of Santa Cruz, Tucson, AZ (29).

Tropical, submontane (1,100- to 2,000-m altitude), and montane (>2,000-m altitude) regions

Submontane to montane forest, Crocker Range, Sabah (www.arbec.com.my/pdf/art3julysep02.pdf); Swaziland (1,400 m) (27); Philippines, Mt. Tabayoc, Mt. Pulog (above 2,200 m) (30); Malawi submontane (1,370-2,290 m) and montane (1,675-2,590 m) forest (31); Colombia, above 1,800 m (20); Kelabit highlands (» 1,100 m), Bario, Sarawak (www.arbec.com.my/pdf/art2mayjun99.pdf).

Cool temperate areas with a cold, wet, or mild winter

New Zealand (32); Hokkaido, Japan (33); Europe (26, 34); Kansas, U.S. (35); South Dakota, U.S. (www.nps.gov/wica/Plant_Communities.htm); Wicken Fen, U.K. (www.wicken.org.uk/Check%20list%20%20plants.pdf); Belgium, Luxembourg, N. France (36); Netherlands (37); Norway (38); Victorian volcanic plain, Australia (http://home.vicnet.net.au/~iffa/GPCconf/CarrApp.pdf).

Boreal-arctic areas with severe long winters

Newfoundland and Labrador (www.nfmuseum.com/meades.htm); Europe (26); Greenland (39-41); Alaska (42); Fireland (43); Falkland Islands (44); Iceland and Faeroes (45); Spitsbergen (46).

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12. Neumann, K. (1989) in Forschungen zur Umweltgeschichte der Ostsahara, ed. Kuper, R. (Heinrich-Barth-Institut, Cologne, Germany), pp. 13-181.

13. Ozenda, P. (1958) Flore du Sahara Septentrional et Central (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris).

14. Robles, A. & Harris, A. (2003) Chihuahuan Desert Garden (Digital Media Center, University of Texas, El Paso).

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19. Détienne, P. & Jacquet, P. (1983) Atlas d’Identification des Bois de l’Amazonie et des Régions Voisines (Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France).

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21. Barros, C. F. & Callado, C. H. (1997) Timbers of the Atlantic Rainforest. Wood Anatomy of Species from Remnant Forests in Rio de Janeiro State-Brazil (Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Vol. 1.

22. Schulz, J. P. (1960) Konink. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Verh. Afd. Natuurk. 53, 1-267.

23. Vásquez Martínez, R. (1997) Flórula de las Reservas Biológicas de Iquitos, Perú (Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, MO).

24. Détienne, P. & Jacquet, P. (1999) Manuel d’Identification des Bois de Polynésie (Cirad, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France).

25. Ohwi, J. (1965) Flora of Japan (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC).

26. Baas, P. & Schweingruber, F. H. (1987) Int. Assoc. Wood Anat. Bull. n.s. 8, 245-274.

27. Prior, J. A. B. & Gasson, P. E. (1990) Int. Assoc. Wood Anat. Bull. n.s. 11, 319-336.

28. Baas, P., Werker, E. & Fahn, A. (1983) Int. Assoc. Wood Anat. Bull. n.s. 4, 141-159.

29. Mauz, K. (2002) Desert Plants 18, 1-36.

30. Jacobs, M. (1972) The Plant World of Luzon’s Highest Mountains (Rijksherbarium Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands).

31. Chapman, J. D. & White, F. (1970) The Evergreen Forest of Malawi (Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Univ. of Oxford, Oxford).

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34. Greguss, P. (1959) Holzanatomie der Europäischen Laubhölzer und Sträucher (Akademiai Kiado, Budapest).

35. Stephens, H. A. (1969) Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines in Kansas (Univ. of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KS).

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37. Heukels, H. & Van Ooststroom, S. J. (1975) Flora van Nederland (Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen, The Netherlands).

38. Lid, J. & Lid, D. T. (1994) Norsk Flora (Samlaget, Oslo).

39. De Lesse, H. (1952) Flore et Végétation de l’Eqe Groenland (Hermann, Paris).

40. Jørgensen, C. A., Sørensen, T. & Westergaard, M. (1958) Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 9, 1-172.

41. Böcher, T. W., Holman, K., Jakobsen, K., Frederiksen, I. & Elkington, T. T. (1968) The Flora of Greenland (Haase, Copenhagen).

42. Anderson, J. P. (1959) Flora of Alaska and Adjacent Parts of Canada (Iowa State Univ. Press, Davenport, IA).

43. Moore, D. M. (1968) Flora of Tierra del Fuego (Nelson, Oswestry, U.K.).

44. Moore, D. M. (1968) The Cascular Flora of the Falkland Islands (British Antarctic Survey, London).

45. Ostenfeld, C. H. & Gróntved, J. (1934) The Flora of Iceland and the Faeroes (Williams & Nordgate, Levin & Munksgaard, Copenhagen).

46. Rønning, O. I. (1964) Svalbards Flora (Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo).

This Article

  1. Published online before print May 26, 2004, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402621101 PNAS June 8, 2004 vol. 101 no. 23 8833-8837
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