The new mutation theory of phenotypic evolution

10.1073/pnas.0703349104

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Table 3. Examples of physiological and morphological characters affected by mutations in the protein-coding regions of genes. More examples of physiological characters are given in Nei (26)

Protein/gene	Organism	Amino acid or nucleotide changes	Character involved	Reference
Physiological characters
Hemoglobin	Crocodile	5 aa	Underwater living		¹
Hemoglobin	Llama	1 aa	High-altitude life		²
Lysozyme	Ruminants	2 aa	Stomach acidity		³
Opsin	Vertebrates	5 aa	Color vision		⁴
Opsin	Birds	1 aa	UV sensitivity		⁵
Period (per) gene	Drosophila	2-aa repeats	Courtship song		⁶
psbA gene	Plants	1 aa	Herbicide resistance		⁷
TFL1/FT	Arabidopsis	1 aa	Flowering activation		⁸
dNK	Animals	3 aa	DNA metabolism		⁹
Morphological characters
Le	Pea	1 aa	Stem length		¹⁰
MC1R	Beach mouse	1 aa	Coat color		¹¹
HOXD13	Human	1-4 aa	Limb		¹²
Oca2	Cave fish	Exon deletion	Albinism		¹³
MC1R	Rock pocket mouse	4 aa	Coat color		¹⁴
MSH-R	Mouse	1 aa	Coat color		¹⁵
MSH-R	Cattle	1 aa	Coat color		¹⁶
MC1R	Pig	1 aa	Coat color		¹⁷
ASIP (AGOUTI)	Jaguarundis	2-bp deletion	Coat color		¹⁸
MC1R	Jaguar	5-aa deletion	Coat color		¹⁸
MC1R	Lion tamarin	8-aa deletion	Coat color		¹⁹
TYR	Human	1-5 aa	Albinism		²⁰
VRS1	Barley	1 aa	Six-rowed spike		²¹
Romosa2	Maize	1 aa	Flower shape		²²
Div	Snapdragon	4-bp deletion	Flower symmetry		²³
ABCC11	Human	1 aa	Earwax		²⁴
IGF1	Dog	A few bp	Body size		²⁵

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21. Komatsuda T, Pourkheirandish M, He C, Azhaguvel P, Kanamori H, Perovic D, Stein N, Graner A, Wicker T, Tagiri A, et al. (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:1424-1429.

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This Article

Published online before print July 17, 2007, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703349104 PNAS July 24, 2007 vol. 104 no. 30 12235-12242

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