A diapause pathway underlies the gyne phenotype in Polistes wasps, revealing an evolutionary route to caste-containing insect societies
Hunt et al. 10.1073/pnas.0705660104.
Supporting Information
Files in this Data Supplement:
SI Table 1SI Table 2
SI Table 3
SI Table 4
SI Table 5
SI Figure 6
SI Table 6
SI Figure 6
Fig. 6. Coomassie stained SDS/PAGE of Polistes metricus hemolymph proteins. Hemolymph from adult gynes was collected in extraction buffer. After methanol/chloroform precipitation and solvation in loading buffer, proteins were subjected to SDS./PAGE. Molecular mass standards are in the left lane, and the P. metricus proteins are in the right lane. The numbered coomassie-stained bands were cut out of the gel, and the proteins in them were identified by LC-MS/MS after in-gel digestion using the protease trypsin. The software programs OMSSA and NovoHMM and manual inspection were used to determine valid identifications as listed in Table 6. Only proteins identified by at least two peptides are listed.
Table 1. Dates of cocoon spinning, adult emergence, and pupation duration in days for foundress-reared (primarily worker destined) and worker-reared (primarily gyne destined) female offspring in nests in the field
|
Nest, no. |
Cocoon |
Emergence |
Duration |
|
Foundress-Reared |
|||
|
1 |
31 May |
18 Jun |
18 |
|
1 |
1 Jun |
20 Jun |
19 |
|
16 |
1 Jun |
19 Jun |
18 |
|
46 |
1 Jun |
20 Jun |
19 |
|
46 |
1 Jun |
20 Jun |
19 |
|
16 |
2 Jun |
20 Jun |
18 |
|
31 |
2 Jun |
20 Jun |
18 |
|
67 |
2 Jun |
22 Jun |
20 |
|
1 |
3 Jun |
22 Jun |
19 |
|
46 |
4 Jun |
23 Jun |
19 |
|
1 |
5 Jun |
23 Jun |
18 |
|
1 |
5 Jun |
24 Jun |
19 |
|
1 |
5 Jun |
24 Jun |
19 |
|
1 |
5 Jun |
24 Jun |
19 |
|
16 |
5 Jun |
23 Jun |
18 |
|
16 |
5 Jun |
24 Jun |
19 |
|
31 |
5 Jun |
25 Jun |
20 |
|
46 |
5 Jun |
24 Jun |
19 |
|
67 |
5 Jun |
24 Jun |
19 |
|
1 |
6 Jun |
26 Jun |
20 |
|
1 |
6 Jun |
26 Jun |
20 |
|
16 |
6 Jun |
25 Jun |
19 |
|
31 |
6 Jun |
26 Jun |
20 |
|
67 |
6 Jun |
26 Jun |
20 |
|
1 |
8 Jun |
27 Jun |
19 |
|
31 |
8 Jun |
27 Jun |
19 |
|
Worker-Reared |
|||
|
1 |
3 Jul |
22 Jul |
19 |
|
1 |
3 Jul |
22 Jul |
19 |
|
46 |
3 Jul |
23 Jul |
20 |
|
62 |
3 Jul |
23 Jul |
20 |
|
142 |
3 Jul |
22 Jul |
19 |
|
7 |
4 Jul |
23 Jul |
19 |
|
8 |
4 Jul |
23 Jul |
19 |
|
8 |
4 Jul |
23 Jul |
19 |
|
8 |
4 Jul |
24 Jul |
20 |
|
46 |
4 Jul |
23 Jul |
19 |
|
46 |
4 Jul |
23 Jul |
19 |
|
1 |
5 Jul |
23 Jul |
18 |
|
62 |
5 Jul |
24 Jul |
19 |
|
1 |
6 Jul |
24 Jul |
18 |
|
25 |
6 Jul |
25 Jul |
19 |
|
49 |
6 Jul |
25 Jul |
19 |
|
46 |
7 Jul |
25 Jul |
18 |
|
67 |
8 Jul |
26 Jul |
18 |
Nest numbers <100 were at Tyson; numbers >100 were at Shaw. Jul, July; Jun, June.
Table 2. Mean daily temperature maxima and minima and the medians of the two (oC + SE) during development from cocoon spinning to adult emergence (in the field) or adult molt (in the lab) for foundress-reared and worker-reared offspring
|
Offspring |
High |
Low |
Mean |
|
F-R field |
30.1 + 0.6 |
15.8 + 0.5 |
23.0 + 0.5 |
|
W-R field |
32.9 + 0.8 |
19.3 + 0.6 |
26.1 + 0.6 |
|
F-R lab |
27.8 + 0.2 |
21.0 + 0.4 |
24.4 + 0.2 |
|
W-R lab |
26.9 + 0.1 |
20.9 + 0.1 |
24.0 + 0.1 |
F-R, foundress-reared; W-R worker-reared.
Table 3. Development times in days by developmental stage for foundress-reared (primarily worker destined) and worker-reared (primarily gyne destined) female offspring collected in the field on the day of cocooning and reared in the lab
|
Specimen / cocoon date |
Stage durations, days |
||||
|
Larva |
Prepupa |
Early Pupa |
Late Pupa |
Total |
|
|
Lab development, foundress-reared female offspring |
|||||
|
B / 3 Jun |
1 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
16 |
|
C / 3 Jun |
1 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
15 |
|
D / 3 Jun |
1 |
3 |
8 |
5 |
17 |
|
E / 4 Jun |
1 |
3 |
8 |
4 |
16 |
|
G / 4 Jun |
1 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
15 |
|
H / 4 Jun |
2 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
17 |
|
I / 5 Jun |
1 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
15 |
|
J / 5 Jun |
1 |
2 |
7 |
4 |
14 |
|
K / 5 Jun |
2 |
3 |
8 |
4 |
17 |
|
M / 6 Jun |
1 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
15 |
|
N / 6 Jun |
1 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
16 |
|
P / 6 Jun |
1 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
15 |
|
Q / 7 Jun |
1 |
3 |
8 |
4 |
16 |
|
R / 7 Jun |
1 |
3 |
9 |
3 |
16 |
|
S / 7 Jun |
1 |
3 |
8 |
5 |
17 |
|
T / 7 Jun |
1 |
3 |
8 |
4 |
16 |
|
U / 8 Jun |
1 |
2 |
9 |
4 |
16 |
|
V / 9 Jun |
1 |
3 |
9 |
4 |
17 |
|
Mean |
1.1 |
2.9 |
7.7 |
4.2 |
15.9 |
|
Lab development, worker-reared |
|||||
|
GA / 6 Jul |
1 |
4 |
11 |
5 |
21 |
|
GC / 6 Jul |
2 |
4 |
10 |
5 |
21 |
|
GD / 6 Jul |
2 |
4 |
9 |
6 |
21 |
|
GG / 7 Jul |
1 |
4 |
10 |
6 |
21 |
|
GH / 7 Jul |
2 |
4 |
9 |
6 |
21 |
|
GK / 8 Jul |
2 |
4 |
9 |
6 |
21 |
|
GU / 13 Jul |
1 |
4 |
10 |
6 |
21 |
|
GW / 13 Jul |
2 |
4 |
9 |
5 |
20 |
|
HH / 18 Jul |
2 |
4 |
10 |
5 |
21 |
|
HL / 19 Jul |
1 |
4 |
10 |
5 |
20 |
|
HX / 20 Jul |
1 |
4 |
10 |
6 |
21 |
|
HY / 20 Jul |
1 |
4 |
10 |
5 |
20 |
|
Mean |
1.5 |
4 |
9.8 |
5.5 |
20.8 |
Table 5. Specimen collection and storage protein data
|
STAGE |
F/W |
SPM |
NEST |
COCOON |
COLLECT |
AGE |
HEX1 |
HEX2 |
HiGLX |
VHDL |
|
L |
F |
5 |
69 |
05 VI |
06 VI |
2 |
15.2 |
62.1 |
7.1 |
46.4 |
|
L |
F |
7 |
145 |
04 VI |
06 VI |
3 |
6.4 |
45.7 |
7.5 |
40.3 |
|
L |
F |
8 |
146 |
05 VI |
06 VI |
2 |
6.8 |
37.7 |
11.7 |
38.0 |
|
L |
F |
9 |
146 |
02 VI |
06 VI |
5 |
5.3 |
21.0 |
1.9 |
20.6 |
|
L |
F |
14 |
150 |
04 VI |
07 VI |
4 |
4.6 |
25.0 |
24.5 |
23.0 |
|
L |
F |
16 |
156 |
06 VI |
07 VI |
2 |
18.1 |
47.7 |
10.0 |
34.5 |
|
L |
F |
18 |
3 |
08 VI |
08 VI |
1 |
6.5 |
31.2 |