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Published online on March 27, 2006, 10.1073/pnas.0600827103
PNAS | April 4, 2006 | vol. 103 | no. 14 | 5409-5412


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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Green primaries: Environmentally friendly energetic complexes

My Hang V. Huynh*, Michael A. Hiskey*, Thomas J. Meyer{dagger},{ddagger}, and Modi Wetzler§

*Dynamic Experimentation Division, DX-2: High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545; {dagger}Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and §Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720

Contributed by Thomas J. Meyer, February 1, 2006

Primary explosives are used in small quantities to generate a detonation wave when subjected to a flame, heat, impact, electric spark, or friction. Detonation of the primary explosive initiates the secondary booster or main-charge explosive or propellant. Long-term use of lead azide and lead styphnate as primary explosives has resulted in lead contamination at artillery and firing ranges and become a major health hazard and environmental problem for both military and civilian personnel. Devices using lead primary explosives are manufactured by the tens of millions every year in the United States from primers for bullets to detonators for mining. Although substantial synthetic efforts have long been focused on the search for greener primary explosives, this unresolved problem has become a "holy grail" of energetic materials research. Existing candidates suffer from instability or excessive sensitivity, or they possess toxic metals or perchlorate. We report here four previously undescribed green primary explosives based on complex metal dianions and environmentally benign cations, (cat)2[MII(NT)4(H2O)2] (where cat is NH4+ or Na+, M is Fe2+ or Cu2+, and NT– is 5-nitrotetrazolato-N2). They are safer to prepare, handle, and transport than lead compounds, have comparable initiation efficiencies to lead azide, and offer rapid reliable detonation comparable with lead styphnate. Remarkably, they possess all current requirements for green primary explosives and are suitable to replace lead primary explosives in detonators. More importantly, they can be synthesized more safely, do not pose health risks to personnel, and cause much less pollution to the environment.

copper | green | iron | primary explosives | tetrazole

Author contributions: M.H.V.H. designed research; M.H.V.H. performed research; M.H.V.H. and M.A.H. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; M.H.V.H., M.A.H., T.J.M., and M.W. analyzed data; and M.H.V.H., M.A.H., T.J.M., and M.W. wrote the paper.

Conflict of interest statement: No conflicts declared.

{ddagger}To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tjmeyer{at}unc.edu

© 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA


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M. H. V. Huynh, M. D. Coburn, T. J. Meyer, and M. Wetzler
Green primary explosives: 5-Nitrotetrazolato-N2-ferrate hierarchies
PNAS, July 5, 2006; 103(27): 10322 - 10327.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]