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Published online on January 31, 2008, 10.1073/pnas.0710280105
PNAS | March 25, 2008 | vol. 105 | no. 12 | 4547-4552


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Chemical Ecology Special Feature
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY SPECIAL FEATURE / BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES / RESEARCH ARTICLES / EVOLUTION
Selection for chemical trait remixing in an invasive weed after reassociation with a coevolved specialist

A. R. Zangerl*, M. C. Stanley{dagger}, and M. R. Berenbaum*,{ddagger}

*Department of Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801-3795; and {dagger}School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

Edited by Jerrold Meinwald, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and approved December 19, 2007 (received for review November 1, 2007)

The interaction between Depressaria pastinacella (parsnip webworm) and wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), in its native Europe and in its longstanding nonindigenous range in the midwestern United States, is characterized by chemical phenotype matching, ostensibly mediated by reciprocal selective responses. The first appearance of D. pastinacella on P. sativa in New Zealand in 2004 provided an opportunity to quantify selective impacts of a coevolved herbivore and calibrate rates of phytochemical response in its host plant. Webworms in 2006 reduced seed production up to 75% in New Zealand populations, and in 2007 infestations increased in severity in all populations except one. Most New Zealand populations fall into a furanocoumarin phenotype cluster distinct from European and U.S. phenotypes, although one heavily attacked population clusters with two U.S. populations and one European population long associated with webworms. Multivariate selection analysis substituting realized fitness (with webworms present) for potential fitness (absent webworms) as the dependent variable revealed that reassociation with a coevolved specialist in a nonindigenous area profoundly altered the selection regime, favoring trait remixing and rapid chemical changes in parsnip populations, as predicted by the geographic mosaic theory. That uninfested populations of New Zealand parsnips contain higher amounts of octyl acetate, a floral volatile used by webworms for orientation, suggests that plants that escape from specialized enemies may also experience selection to increase kairomones, as well as to reduce allomones.

insect–plant interactions | Lepidoptera | Pastinaca sativa | parsnip webworm | herbivore

Author contributions: A.R.Z. and M.R.B. designed research; A.R.Z. performed research; M.C.S. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; A.R.Z. and M.R.B. analyzed data; and A.R.Z. and M.R.B. wrote the paper.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.

This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0710280105/DC1.

{ddagger}To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: maybe{at}uiuc.edu

© 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA


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J. Meinwald and T. Eisner
Chemical Ecology Special Feature: Chemical ecology in retrospect and prospect
PNAS, March 25, 2008; 105(12): 4539 - 4540.
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