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Published online on July 19, 2005, 10.1073/pnas.0504662102
PNAS | July 26, 2005 | vol. 102 | no. 30 | 10682-10687


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MICROBIOLOGY
Role of domestic ducks in the propagation and biological evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in Asia

D. J. Hulse-Post *, K. M. Sturm-Ramirez *, J. Humberd *, P. Seiler *, E. A. Govorkova *, S. Krauss *, C. Scholtissek *, P. Puthavathana {dagger}, C. Buranathai {ddagger}, T. D. Nguyen §, H. T. Long ¶, T. S. P. Naipospos ||, H. Chen **, T. M. Ellis {dagger}{dagger}, Y. Guan {ddagger}{ddagger}, §§, J. S. M. Peiris {ddagger}{ddagger}, §§, and R. G. Webster *, ¶¶

*Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; {dagger}Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; {ddagger}Department of Livestock Development, National Institute of Animal Health, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; §Department of Virology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam; Virology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; ||Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General of Livestock, Jakarta, Selatan, Indonesia; **Animal Influenza Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, and Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; {dagger}{dagger}Tai Lung Veterinary Laboratory, Agriculture, Fisheries, and Conservation Department, Lin Tong Mei, Sheung Shui, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; {ddagger}{ddagger}Joint Influenza Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College/University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China; and §§Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Contributed by R. G. Webster, June 7, 2005

Wild waterfowl, including ducks, are natural hosts of influenza A viruses. These viruses rarely caused disease in ducks until 2002, when some H5N1 strains became highly pathogenic. Here we show that these H5N1 viruses are reverting to nonpathogenicity in ducks. Ducks experimentally infected with viruses isolated between 2003 and 2004 shed virus for an extended time (up to 17 days), during which variant viruses with low pathogenicity were selected. These results suggest that the duck has become the "Trojan horse" of Asian H5N1 influenza viruses. The ducks that are unaffected by infection with these viruses continue to circulate these viruses, presenting a pandemic threat.

avian influenza | pathogenicity

Abbreviations: EID50, 50% egg infectious dose; HA, hemagglutinin; HI, hemagglutination inhibition; p.i., postinoculation; IVPI, i.v. virus pathogenicity index; MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney.

¶¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Mail Stop 330, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105-2794. E-mail: robert.webster{at}stjude.org.

© 2005 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA


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