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Asymptotically scale-invariant occupancy of phase space makes the entropy Sq extensive

Constantino Tsallis, Murray Gell-Mann and Yuzuru Sato
PNAS October 25, 2005. 102 (43) 15377-15382; published ahead of print October 17, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503807102
Constantino Tsallis
Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501; and Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, BrazilSanta Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501; and Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Murray Gell-Mann
Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501; and Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Yuzuru Sato
Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501; and Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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  1. Contributed by Murray Gell-Mann, July 25, 2005

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Abstract

Phase space can be constructed for N equal and distinguishable subsystems that could be probabilistically either weakly correlated or strongly correlated. If they are locally correlated, we expect the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy SBG ≡ -k Σi pi ln pi to be extensive, i.e., SBG(N) ∝ N for N → ∞. In particular, if they are independent, SBG is strictly additive, i.e., SBG(N) = NSBG(1), ∀N. However, if the subsystems are globally correlated, we expect, for a vast class of systems, the entropy Sq ≡ k[1 - Σi pqi]/(q - 1) (with S1 = SBG) for some special value of q ≠ 1 to be the one which is extensive [i.e., Sq(N) ∝ N for N → ∞]. Another concept which is relevant is strict or asymptotic scale-freedom (or scale-invariance), defined as the situation for which all marginal probabilities of the N-system coincide or asymptotically approach (for N → ∞) the joint probabilities of the (N - 1)-system. If each subsystem is a binary one, scale-freedom is guaranteed by what we hereafter refer to as the Leibnitz rule, i.e., the sum of two successive joint probabilities of the N-system coincides or asymptotically approaches the corresponding joint probability of the (N - 1)-system. The kinds of interplay of these various concepts are illustrated in several examples. One of them justifies the title of this paper. We conjecture that these mechanisms are deeply related to the very frequent emergence, in natural and artificial complex systems, of scale-free structures and to their connections with nonextensive statistical mechanics. Summarizing, we have shown that, for asymptotically scale-invariant systems, it is Sq with q ≠ 1, and not SBG, the entropy which matches standard, clausius-like, prescriptions of classical thermodynamics.

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Asymptotically scale-invariant occupancy of phase space makes the entropy Sq extensive
Constantino Tsallis, Murray Gell-Mann, Yuzuru Sato
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Oct 2005, 102 (43) 15377-15382; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503807102

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Asymptotically scale-invariant occupancy of phase space makes the entropy Sq extensive
Constantino Tsallis, Murray Gell-Mann, Yuzuru Sato
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Oct 2005, 102 (43) 15377-15382; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503807102
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