Lessons from the past: Familial aggregation analysis of fatal pandemic influenza (Spanish flu) in Iceland in 1918
- Magnús Gottfredsson*,†,‡,
- Bjarni V. Halldórsson§,
- Stefán Jónsson§,¶,
- Már Kristjánsson*,
- Kristleifur Kristjánsson§,
- Karl G. Kristinsson*,†,
- Arthur Löve*,†,
- Thorsteinn Blöndal*,
- Cécile Viboud‖,
- Sverrir Thorvaldsson§,
- Agnar Helgason†,§,
- Jeffrey R. Gulcher§,
- Kári Stefánsson†,§, and
- Ingileif Jónsdóttir*,†,§,‡
- *Landspitali University Hospital, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland;
- †Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland;
- §deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; and
- ‖Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
-
Edited by Burton H. Singer, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved November 21, 2007 (received for review August 14, 2007)
-
Fig. 1.Morbidity and fatality from the Spanish flu. (A) Morbidity in Reykjavik, Iceland, from October 28 to December 6, 1918. The number of new patient visits due to the illness is shown (n = 1,232), based on data from ref. 12. (B) Number of fatalities in Iceland from October 26 to December 6, 1918 (n = 448 with known date of death).
-
Fig. 2.Age of fatal cases. (A) Age distribution of patients with fatal influenza in Iceland 1918. (B) Age-specific fatality proportion (%) of patients with fatal Spanish flu in Iceland, 1918 (n = 452). Three individuals had an unknown date of birth and are thus not included.
-
Fig. 3.Geographical distribution by parish of fatalities (n = 437) due to Spanish influenza in Iceland in 1918. Parishes are color-coded to indicate the absolute number or range of fatalities. The black columns show the number of fatalities as a percentage of the total parish population (fatality proportion). For sake of clarity, columns were omitted in cases where there was only one fatality.
Footnotes
- ‡To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: magnusgo{at}landspitali.is or ingileif.jonsdottir{at}decode.is
- © 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
