Trends and patterns in research and development expenditures in the United States

1. 

   View larger version:

   • In this window
   • In a new window

   • Download as PowerPoint Slide

   Figure 1

   United States R&D funding by performer and funding source; preliminary estimates for 1995 (in billions). “Federal Labs” includes intramural federal research and university-operated FFRDCs. Industry-operated FFRDCs are included under federal industry research. “Other” funding sources are state and local governments and institutions’ own funds. Source: Ref. 1 and A. Rappaport and J. Jankowski, personal communication (Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation).

   
   
2. 

   View larger version:

   • In this window
   • In a new window

   • Download as PowerPoint Slide

   Figure 2

   United States R&D funding by performer and funding source for 1970 (in billions of 1994 dollars). Performers and funding sources are as in Fig. 1. Source: Ref. 1 and A. Rappaport and J. Jankowski, personal communication (Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation).

   
   
3. 

   View larger version:

   • In this window
   • In a new window

   • Download as PowerPoint Slide

   Figure 3

   Total United States R&D by performer, 1953–1995 (in billions of 1994 dollars). The 1994 numbers are preliminary; 1995 numbers are preliminary estimates. Source: Ref. 1 and A. Rappaport and J. Jankowski, personal communication (Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation).

   
   
4. 

   View larger version:

   • In this window
   • In a new window

   • Download as PowerPoint Slide

   Figure 4

   United States R&D by source of funds, 1953–1995 (in billions of 1994 dollars). The 1994 numbers are preliminary; 1995 numbers are preliminary estimates. Source: Ref. 1 and A. Rappaport and J. Jankowski, personal communication (Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation).

   
   
5. 

   View larger version:

   • In this window
   • In a new window

   • Download as PowerPoint Slide

   Figure 5

   United States basic research by performer, 1953–1995 (in billions of 1994 dollars). The 1994 numbers are preliminary; 1995 numbers are preliminary estimates. Source: Ref. 1 and A. Rappaport and J. Jankowski, personal communication (Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation).

   
   
6. 

   View larger version:

   • In this window
   • In a new window

   • Download as PowerPoint Slide

   Figure 6

   United States basic research by source of funds, 1953–1995 (in billions of 1994 dollars). The 1994 numbers are preliminary; 1995 numbers are preliminary estimates. Source: Ref. 1 and A. Rappaport and J. Jankowski, personal communication (Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation).

   
   
7. 

   View larger version:

   • In this window
   • In a new window

   • Download as PowerPoint Slide

   Figure 7

   Expenditures for academic R&D by discipline, 1981–1993 (in billions of 1994 dollars). Source: Ref. 1 and A. Rappaport and J. Jankowski, personal communication (Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation).

   
   
8. 

   View larger version:

   • In this window
   • In a new window

   • Download as PowerPoint Slide

   Figure 8

   Federal lab and federal university funding by funding agency. The 1994 numbers are preliminary; 1995 numbers are preliminary estimates. Source: Ref. 1 and A. Rappaport and J. Jankowski, personal communication (Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation).

   
   
9. 

   View larger version:

   • In this window
   • In a new window

   • Download as PowerPoint Slide

   Figure 9

   International R&D expenditures as percentage of GDP, 1981–1995. Germany’s data for 1981–1990 are for West Germany. The 1994 numbers are preliminary; 1995 numbers are preliminary estimates. Source: Ref. 1 and A. Rappaport and J. Jankowski, personal communication (Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation).

   
   
10. 

    View larger version:

    • In this window
    • In a new window

    • Download as PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 10

    International nondefense R&D expenditures as percentage of GDP, 1981–1995. Germany’s data for 1981–1990 are for West Germany. The 1994 numbers are preliminary; 1995 numbers are preliminary estimates. Source: Ref. 1 and A. Rappaport and J. Jankowski, personal communication (Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation).

    
    
11. 

    View larger version:

    • In this window
    • In a new window

    • Download as PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 11

    Government-funded academic research as a fraction of GDP for G-5 nations. Source: Ref. 7.

    
    
12. 

    View larger version:

    • In this window
    • In a new window

    • Download as PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 12

    Distribution of government-funded academic research by field in 1987 for the G-5 nations. Source: Ref. 7.