The chemodiversity of wines can reveal a metabologeography expression of cooperage oak wood
- Régis D. Gougeona,1,
- Marianna Luciob,
- Moritz Frommbergerb,
- Dominique Peyronc,
- David Chassagnea,
- Hervé Alexandred,
- François Feuillate,
- Andrée Voilleyf,
- Philippe Cayotf,
- Istvan Gebefügib,
- Norbert Hertkornb and
- Philippe Schmitt-Kopplinb,1
- aEquipe Eau Molécules actives Macromolécules Activité EA 581, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Université de Bourgogne, Rue Claude Ladrey, 21078 Dijon, France;
- bHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Ingoldstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- cEquipe de Psychologie Cognitive des Sens Chimiques, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5170/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1214/Université de Bourgogne, Centre Européen des Sciences du Goût, Dijon, France;
- dOffice National des Forêts, Bourgogne, France;
- eEquipe Recherche en Vigne et Vin EA 4149, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Université de Bourgogne, Rue Claude Ladrey, 21078 Dijon, France; and
- fEquipe Eau Molécules actives Macromolécules Activité EA 581, AgroSup Dijon, 26 Bvd Docteur Petitjean, 21079 Dijon, France
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Edited by Jerrold Meinwald, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and approved April 21, 2009 (received for review January 31, 2009)
Abstract
Wine chemical compositions, which result from a complex interplay between environmental factors, genetic factors, and viticultural practices, have mostly been studied using targeted analyses of selected families of metabolites. Detailed studies have particularly concerned volatile and polyphenolic compounds because of their acknowledged roles in the organoleptic and therapeutic properties. However, we show that an unprecedented chemical diversity of wine composition can be unraveled through a nontargeted approach by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, which provides an instantaneous image of complex interacting processes, not easily or possibly resolvable into their unambiguous individual contributions. In particular, the statistical analysis of a series of barrel-aged wines revealed that 10-year-old wines still express a metabologeographic signature of the forest location where oaks of the barrel in which they were aged have grown.
Footnotes
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: regis.gougeon{at}u-bourgogne.fr or schmitt-kopplin{at}helmholtz-muenchen.de
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Author contributions: R.D.G. and P.S.-K. designed research; R.D.G., M.L., M.F., and P.S.-K. performed research; I.G. and N.H. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; R.D.G., M.L., D.P., D.C., H.A., F.F., A.V., P.C., and P.S.-K. analyzed data; and R.D.G., M.L., and P.S.-K. wrote the paper.
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The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
