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Abstract
The size, shape, and behavior of the modern domesticated dog has been sculpted by artificial selection for at least 14,000 years. The genetic substrates of selective breeding, however, remain largely unknown. Here, we describe a genome-wide scan for selection in 275 dogs from 10 phenotypically diverse breeds that were genotyped for over 21,000 autosomal SNPs. We identified 155 genomic regions that possess strong signatures of recent selection and contain candidate genes for phenotypes that vary most conspicuously among breeds, including size, coat color and texture, behavior, skeletal morphology, and physiology. In addition, we demonstrate a significant association between HAS2 and skin wrinkling in the Shar-Pei, and provide evidence that regulatory evolution has played a prominent role in the phenotypic diversification of modern dog breeds. Our results provide a first-generation map of selection in the dog, illustrate how such maps can rapidly inform the genetic basis of canine phenotypic variation, and provide a framework for delineating the mechanistic basis of how artificial selection promotes rapid and pronounced phenotypic evolution.
Footnotes
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: akeyj{at}u.washington.edu or mark.neff{at}vai.org.
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Edited* by Jasper Rine, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved December 15, 2009 (received for review September 2, 2009)
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Author contributions: J.M.A., A.L.R., A.K.W., and M.W.N. designed research; J.M.A., A.L.R., D.T.A., C.F.C., J.M., and T.J.N. performed research; A.K.W. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; J.M.A., D.T.A., A.K.W., and M.W.N. analyzed data; and J.M.A. and M.W.N. wrote the paper.
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*This Direct Submission article had a prearranged editor.
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The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0909918107/DCSupplemental.
Tracking footprints of artificial selection in the dog genome
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