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Edited by Robert E. Ricklefs, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, and approved April 27, 2011 (received for review November 18, 2010)
Abstract
Birds that fly over mountain barriers must be capable of meeting the increased energetic cost of climbing in low-density air, even though less oxygen may be available to support their metabolism. This challenge is magnified by the reduction in maximum sustained climbing rates in large birds. Bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) make one of the highest and most iconic transmountain migrations in the world. We show that those populations of geese that winter at sea level in India are capable of passing over the Himalayas in 1 d, typically climbing between 4,000 and 6,000 m in 7–8 h. Surprisingly, these birds do not rely on the assistance of upslope tailwinds that usually occur during the day and can support minimum climb rates of 0.8–2.2 km·h−1, even in the relative stillness of the night. They appear to strategically avoid higher speed winds during the afternoon, thus maximizing safety and control during flight. It would seem, therefore, that bar-headed geese are capable of sustained climbing flight over the passes of the Himalaya under their own aerobic power.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: c.bishop{at}bangor.ac.uk.
Author contributions: P.J.B., J.Y.T., M.W., and C.M.B. designed research; L.A.H., S.B., N.B., P.J.B., P.B.F., W.K.M., N.T., S.H.N., G.R.S., P.S., J.Y.T., and C.M.B. performed research; L.A.H. analyzed data; and L.A.H. and C.M.B. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
The trans-Himalayan flights of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus)
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