Volumes 90-105, copyright © 1993-2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, all rights reserved. Volumes 1-89, copyright as a collective work only; author(s) retains copyright to individual articles.

The PNAS listing on the Sherpa RoMEO publisher copyright policies & self-archiving detail pages can be found here: www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php#94.

Requests for Permission to Reprint

PNAS authors need not obtain permission for the following cases: (1) to use their original figures or tables in their future works; (2) to make copies of their papers for their own personal use, including classroom use, or for the personal use of colleagues, provided those copies are not for sale and are not distributed in a systematic way; (3) to include their papers as part of their dissertations; or (4) to use all or part of their article in a printed compilation of their own works. Citation of the original source must be included and copies must include the copyright notice of the original report.

Anyone may, without requesting permission, use original figures or tables published in PNAS for noncommercial and educational use (i.e., in a review article, in a book that is not for sale) provided that the original source and copyright notice are cited.

For permission to reprint material in volumes 90 (1993) to present, requests must be sent via e-mail, fax, or mail and include the following information about the original material:

1. Your full name, affiliation, and title
2. Your complete mailing address, phone number, fax number, and e-mail address
3. PNAS volume number, issue number, and issue date
4. PNAS article title
5. PNAS authors' names
6. Page numbers of items to be reprinted
7. Figure/table number or portion of text to be reprinted

Also include the following information about the intended use of the material:

1. Title of work in which PNAS material will appear
2. Authors/editors of work
3. Publisher of work
4. Retail price of work
5. Number of copies of work to be produced
6. Intended audience
7. Whether work is for nonprofit or commercial use

Authors whose work will be reused should be notified. PNAS cannot supply original artwork. Use of PNAS material must not imply any endorsement by PNAS or the National Academy of Sciences. The full journal reference must be cited and "Copyright (copyright year) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."

Requests for permission should be made in writing and addressed to: PNAS Permissions Editor, 500 Fifth Street NW, NAS 340, Washington, DC 20001 USA; phone 1-202-334-2679, fax 1-202-334-2739, e-mail PNASpermissions{at}nas.edu.

For permission to reprint material in volumes 1-89 (1915-1992), requests should be addressed to the original authors, who hold the copyright. The full journal reference must be cited.

For permission to photocopy beyond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law, contact:

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Authorization to photocopy items for the internal or personal use of specific clients is granted by The National Academy of Sciences provided that the proper fee is paid directly to CCC.

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