Parallel genetic basis for repeated evolution of armor loss in Alaskan threespine stickleback populations

^*Institute of Neuroscience and ^†Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254; and ^‡Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794

Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA (received for review December 19, 2003)

Footnotes

↵ § To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jpostle{at}uoneuro.uoregon.edu.
This paper was submitted directly (Track II) to the PNAS office.

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Apr 2004	540	134	316
May 2004	86	119	98
Jun 2004	44	70	62
Jul 2004	40	51	36
Aug 2004	38	51	15
Sep 2004	28	22	26
Oct 2004	57	37	39
Nov 2004	32	44	47
Dec 2004	30	31	45
Total 2004	895	559	684
Jan 2005	19	35	24
Feb 2005	12	55	25
Mar 2005	18	37	44
Apr 2005	22	39	49
May 2005	16	42	32
Jun 2005	6	17	9
Jul 2005	10	13	19
Aug 2005	12	28	30
Sep 2005	6	29	21
Oct 2005	22	36	38
Nov 2005	18	29	43
Dec 2005	19	22	22
Total 2005	180	382	356
Jan 2006	28	105	63
Feb 2006	47	78	41
Mar 2006	12	34	38
Apr 2006	20	23	25
May 2006	12	31	14
Jun 2006	15	23	13
Jul 2006	6	19	11
Aug 2006	12	22	14
Sep 2006	17	29	15
Oct 2006	62	42	32
Nov 2006	20	59	25
Dec 2006	20	32	10
Total 2006	271	497	301
Jan 2007	16	24	24
Feb 2007	19	34	18
Mar 2007	24	48	46
Apr 2007	33	23	18
May 2007	23	20	20
Jun 2007	18	16	19
Jul 2007	8	7	6
Aug 2007	25	12	12
Sep 2007	60	42	26
Oct 2007	38	34	28
Nov 2007	22	17	20
Dec 2007	6	15	21
Total 2007	292	292	258
Jan 2008	10	23	28
Feb 2008	36	26	24
Mar 2008	16	17	20
Apr 2008	14	21	20
May 2008	22	37	27
Jun 2008	19	16	16
Jul 2008	31	10	20
Aug 2008	22	13	11
Sep 2008	78	24	35
Oct 2008	52	19	15
Nov 2008	63	35	26
Dec 2008	41	24	11
Total 2008	404	265	253
Jan 2009	52	14	16
Feb 2009	52	39	25
Mar 2009	35	17	9
Apr 2009	42	17	21
May 2009	27	25	10
Jun 2009	30	10	16
Jul 2009	21	16	15
Aug 2009	23	11	10
Sep 2009	36	28	23
Oct 2009	31	34	30
Nov 2009	32	43	34
Dec 2009	37	18	9
Total 2009	418	272	218
Jan 2010	53	13	17
Feb 2010	28	22	17
Mar 2010	61	25	25
Apr 2010	58	24	24
May 2010	19	23	15
Jun 2010	16	17	8
Jul 2010	29	16	11
Aug 2010	35	12	13
Sep 2010	48	34	19
Oct 2010	36	47	28
Nov 2010	30	60	27
Dec 2010	18	25	18
Total 2010	431	318	222
Jan 2011	27	45	36
Feb 2011	33	52	14
Mar 2011	29	42	25
Apr 2011	28	18	26
May 2011	28	31	22
Jun 2011	22	13	19
Jul 2011	68	15	20
Aug 2011	22	8	8
Sep 2011	77	41	25
Oct 2011	74	35	36
Nov 2011	55	20	28
Dec 2011	40	11	12
Total 2011	503	331	271
Jan 2012	43	26	25
Feb 2012	55	26	22
Mar 2012	49	21	14
Apr 2012	85	40	24
May 2012	45	15	16
Jun 2012	38	11	19
Jul 2012	33	24	17
Aug 2012	20	7	13
Sep 2012	51	20	27
Oct 2012	64	18	26
Nov 2012	63	30	18
Dec 2012	28	7	12
Total 2012	574	245	233
Jan 2013	52	19	19
Feb 2013	53	15	21
Mar 2013	58	25	29
Apr 2013	61	26	27
May 2013	40	14	28
Jun 2013	43	17	17
Jul 2013	35	9	3
Aug 2013	34	11	8
Sep 2013	59	28	64
Oct 2013	81	46	47
Nov 2013	37	35	34
Dec 2013	47	73	17
Total 2013	600	318	314
Jan 2014	46	41	15
Feb 2014	55	59	36
Mar 2014	54	67	28
Apr 2014	67	61	41
May 2014	48	40	9
Jun 2014	42	49	20
Jul 2014	19	40	12
Aug 2014	34	53	13
Sep 2014	76	58	30
Oct 2014	40	68	22
Nov 2014	71	116	14
Dec 2014	41	82	10
Total 2014	593	734	250
Jan 2015	40	197	9
Feb 2015	67	243	11
Mar 2015	81	185	10
Apr 2015	60	88	3
May 2015	53	85	12
Jun 2015	26	57	11
Jul 2015	31	15	8
Aug 2015	39	12	12
Sep 2015	52	30	25
Oct 2015	67	52	25
Nov 2015	63	49	28
Dec 2015	95	28	25
Total 2015	674	1041	179
Jan 2016	41	25	20
Feb 2016	31	36	27
Mar 2016	22	40	21
Apr 2016	33	25	25
May 2016	21	22	11
Jun 2016	30	20	14
Jul 2016	28	12	12
Aug 2016	42	15	17
Sep 2016	63	16	16
Oct 2016	70	47	20
Nov 2016	68	26	15
Dec 2016	40	26	10
Total 2016	489	310	208
Jan 2017	37	27	16
Feb 2017	39	61	17
Mar 2017	33	31	12
Apr 2017	35	16	14
May 2017	340	23	17
Jun 2017	42	15	18
Jul 2017	16	8	15
Aug 2017	29	8	11
Sep 2017	32	25	13
Oct 2017	76	54	22
Nov 2017	50	33	13
Dec 2017	47	14	12
Total 2017	776	315	180
Jan 2018	51	54	20
Feb 2018	39	39	20
Mar 2018	63	63	22
Apr 2018	67	55	16
May 2018	51	47	13
Jun 2018	43	41	11
Jul 2018	60	43	21
Aug 2018	147	139	22
Sep 2018	52	46	20
Oct 2018	51	66	37
Nov 2018	18	43	22
Dec 2018	22	52	23
Total 2018	664	688	247
Jan 2019	10	76	25
Feb 2019	19	84	22
Mar 2019	25	79	28
Apr 2019	30	121	35
May 2019	18	53	33
Jun 2019	12	53	24
Jul 2019	12	59	20
Aug 2019	10	36	19
Sep 2019	6	91	18
Oct 2019	31	91	36
Nov 2019	14	83	19
Dec 2019	17	114	19
Total 2019	204	940	298
Jan 2020	13	97	23
Feb 2020	15	68	25
Mar 2020	13	55	16
Apr 2020	5	126	17
May 2020	11	184	40
Jun 2020	11	106	22
Jul 2020	4	42	25
Aug 2020	4	43	18
Sep 2020	12	86	21
Oct 2020	11	104	36
Nov 2020	16	92	25
Dec 2020	10	67	15
Total 2020	125	1070	283
Jan 2021	6	56	11
Total 2021	6	56	11
Total	8099	8633	4766