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Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved October 27, 2004 (received for review August 31, 2004)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
GIS layer describing the timing of the cane toad invasion in Queensland, Australia. The extreme western edge of the distribution follows the extent of distribution records in Queensland and may not accurately reflect the actual invasion extent. Data are from Floyd et al. (26) and the specimen register of the Queensland Museum.
- Fig. 2.
Parameter estimates describing the rate of change in body and HS for each snake species, plotted against the predicted impact from toads (from ref. 21). See text for statistical tests.
Tables
- Table 1. The first two principal components of climatic and latitudinal variables for each snake species
Principal component Cumulative percent Eigenvectors Species Eigenvalue AMT Aprecip DecLat Hemiaspis PC1 1.88 62.69 0.49 0.57 -0.66 PC2 0.81 89.83 0.79 -0.60 0.07 Pseudechis PC1 2.14 71.35 0.55 0.58 -0.60 PC2 0.53 88.86 0.80 -0.58 0.17 Dendrelaphis PC1 2.03 67.63 0.66 0.32 -0.68 PC2 0.89 97.15 -0.28 0.94 0.18 Tropidonophis PC1 1.99 66.17 0.66 0.30 -0.69 PC2 0.92 96.71 -0.29 0.95 0.13 -
Principal components were constructed from three raw variables: annual mean temperature (AMT), annual precipitation (Aprecip), and decimal latitude (DecLat). Cumulative percent describes the cumulative percentage of the total variance captured by the principal components.
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- Table 2. Parameter estimates for best model sets for multiple regression analyses of body size (SVL) in four species of Australian snake
Species r2 Δi wi Intercept ET ET range PC1 PC2 Interactions Pseudechis 0.196 0 0.49 0.007 0.016 0.004-0.028 -0.092 ET*PC2, 0.0083 0.153 0.85 0.32 0.001 0.014 Dendrelaphis 0.077 0.00 0.64 -0.003 0.006 0.048 0.077 1.95 0.24 -0.003 0.006 0.048 0.007 Hemiaspis 0.054 0.00 0.46 0.002 -0.089 0.058 1.38 0.23 0.002 -0.016 -0.090 0.054 1.96 0.17 0.003 0.002 -0.029 -0.092 Tropidonophis 0.014 0.00 0.27 0.007 -0.042 0.023 0.85 0.18 0.006 -0.004 -0.049 0.006 0.85 0.18 0.005 -0.003 0.000 1.53 0.13 0.006 0.008 0.014 1.97 0.10 0.007 -0.042 0.008 -
Three independent variables were used: time since exposure to toads (ET) and two principal components (PC1 and PC2) incorporating data on latitude, annual mean temperature, and annual precipitation. Species are listed in order of decreasing susceptibility to toads. Parameter estimates significantly different from zero are shown in bold. w i is the Akaike weight of each model, and Δi refers to the change in Akaike information criterion value from the best model.
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- Table 3. Parameter estimates for best model sets for multiple regression analyses of HS in four species of Australian snake
Species r2 Δi wi Intercept SVL ET ET Range PC1 PC2 Interactions Pseudechis 0.9569 0.00 0.26 0.040 3.040 -0.005 -0.081 0.9556 0.46 0.20 0.041 3.049 -0.005 0.9575 0.83 0.17 0.033 3.034 -0.007 0.036 -0.087 0.956 1.69 0.11 0.039 3.045 -0.007 0.030 0.9548 1.91 0.10 0.042 -0.079 Dendrelaphis 0.9233 0.00 0.77 0.016 3.937 -0.005 -0.194 0.012 PC1*PC2, 0.0526 Hemiaspis 0.9402 0.00 0.71 -0.295 5.267 -0.006 -0.017-0.006 0.030 ET*PC1, 0.0042 0.9402 1.97 0.26 -0.293 5.263 -0.006 -0.016-0.006 0.031 -0.007 ET*PC1, 0.0041 Tropidonophis 0.9485 0.00 0.19 -0.049 3.201 0.043 0.034 PC1*PC2, -0.0655 0.9455 0.07 0.18 -0.051 3.175 0.9464 0.35 0.16 -0.052 3.187 0.035 0.9491 0.56 0.14 -0.033 3.193 0.002 -0.013-0.017 0.046 0.007 ET*PC1, -0.0056 0.9477 1.55 0.09 -0.001 3.176 0.001 -0.012-0.016 0.012 ET*PC1, -0.0050 0.9467 1.67 0.08 -0.050 3.193 0.002 0.039 0.9457 1.76 0.08 -0.049 3.178 0.001 0.9456 1.99 0.07 -0.051 3.175 0.011 -
Snake body size (SVL) is included as a fixed independent variable as we are concerned with relative HS. Three independent variables were used: time since exposure to toads (ET) and two principal components (PC1 and PC2) incorporating data on latitude, annual mean temperature, and annual precipitation. Species are listed in order of decreasing susceptibility to toads. Parameter estimates significantly different from zero are shown in bold. w i is the Akaike weight of each model, and Δi refers to the change in Akaike information criterion value from the best model.
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Adapting to an invasive species: Toxic cane toads induce morphological change in Australian snakes
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