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Research Article

Microbial community in a sediment-hosted CO2 lake of the southern Okinawa Trough hydrothermal system

Fumio Inagaki, Marcel M. M. Kuypers, Urumu Tsunogai, Jun-ichiro Ishibashi, Ko-ichi Nakamura, Tina Treude, Satoru Ohkubo, Miwako Nakaseama, Kaul Gena, Hitoshi Chiba, Hisako Hirayama, Takuro Nunoura, Ken Takai, Bo B. Jørgensen, Koki Horikoshi, and Antje Boetius
PNAS September 19, 2006 103 (38) 14164-14169; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606083103
Fumio Inagaki
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  • For correspondence: inagaki@jamstec.go.jp
Marcel M. M. Kuypers
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Urumu Tsunogai
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Jun-ichiro Ishibashi
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Ko-ichi Nakamura
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Tina Treude
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Satoru Ohkubo
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Miwako Nakaseama
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Kaul Gena
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Hitoshi Chiba
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Hisako Hirayama
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Takuro Nunoura
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Ken Takai
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Bo B. Jørgensen
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Koki Horikoshi
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Antje Boetius
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  1. Communicated by Norman H. Sleep, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, July 21, 2006 (received for review March 10, 2006)

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  • Lakes of liquid CO2 in the deep sea
    - Sep 13, 2006
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Abstract

Increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are expected to cause climatic change with negative effects on the earth's ecosystems and human society. Consequently, a variety of CO2 disposal options are discussed, including injection into the deep ocean. Because the dissolution of CO2 in seawater will decrease ambient pH considerably, negative consequences for deep-water ecosystems have been predicted. Hence, ecosystems associated with natural CO2 reservoirs in the deep sea, and the dynamics of gaseous, liquid, and solid CO2 in such environments, are of great interest to science and society. We report here a biogeochemical and microbiological characterization of a microbial community inhabiting deep-sea sediments overlying a natural CO2 lake at the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal field, southern Okinawa Trough. We found high abundances (>109 cm−3) of microbial cells in sediment pavements above the CO2 lake, decreasing to strikingly low cell numbers (107 cm−3) at the liquid CO2/CO2-hydrate interface. The key groups in these sediments were as follows: (i) the anaerobic methanotrophic archaea ANME-2c and the Eel-2 group of Deltaproteobacteria and (ii) sulfur-metabolizing chemolithotrophs within the Gamma- and Epsilonproteobacteria. The detection of functional genes related to one-carbon assimilation and the presence of highly 13C-depleted archaeal and bacterial lipid biomarkers suggest that microorganisms assimilating CO2 and/or CH4 dominate the liquid CO2 and CO2-hydrate-bearing sediments. Clearly, the Yonaguni Knoll is an exceptional natural laboratory for the study of consequences of CO2 disposal as well as of natural CO2 reservoirs as potential microbial habitats on early Earth and other celestial bodies.

  • anaerobic oxidation of methane
  • chemolithotroph
  • CO2 disposal
  • CO2 hydrate
  • liquid CO2

Footnotes

  • ‡To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: inagaki{at}jamstec.go.jp
  • Author contributions: F.I., B.B.J., K.H., and A.B. designed research; F.I., M.M.M.K., U.T., J.-i.I., K.-i.N., T.T., S.O., M.N., K.G., H.C., H.H., T.N., K.T., and A.B. performed research; F.I., M.M.M.K., U.T., J.-i.I., K.-i.N., T.T., S.O., M.N., K.G., H.C., and A.B. analyzed data; and F.I., M.M.M.K., and A.B. wrote the paper.

  • Conflict of interest statement: No conflicts declared.

  • Data deposition: The 16S rRNA, mcrA, and cbbL gene sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan/European Molecular Biology Laboratory/GenBank databases (accession nos. AB252422–AB252455).

  • See Commentary on page 13903.

  • Abbreviation:
    AOM,
    anaerobic oxidation of methane.
  • © 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
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Microbial community in a sediment-hosted CO2 lake of the southern Okinawa Trough hydrothermal system
Fumio Inagaki, Marcel M. M. Kuypers, Urumu Tsunogai, Jun-ichiro Ishibashi, Ko-ichi Nakamura, Tina Treude, Satoru Ohkubo, Miwako Nakaseama, Kaul Gena, Hitoshi Chiba, Hisako Hirayama, Takuro Nunoura, Ken Takai, Bo B. Jørgensen, Koki Horikoshi, Antje Boetius
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Sep 2006, 103 (38) 14164-14169; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606083103

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Microbial community in a sediment-hosted CO2 lake of the southern Okinawa Trough hydrothermal system
Fumio Inagaki, Marcel M. M. Kuypers, Urumu Tsunogai, Jun-ichiro Ishibashi, Ko-ichi Nakamura, Tina Treude, Satoru Ohkubo, Miwako Nakaseama, Kaul Gena, Hitoshi Chiba, Hisako Hirayama, Takuro Nunoura, Ken Takai, Bo B. Jørgensen, Koki Horikoshi, Antje Boetius
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Sep 2006, 103 (38) 14164-14169; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606083103
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