Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic

*Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
^‡Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Southeast Network, 3700 Crestwood Parkway, Duluth, GA 30096;
^§Homeland Security Council, Executive Office of the President, EEOB, 1650 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20502; and
^¶Department of Epidemiology and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115

Edited by Burton H. Singer, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved February 14, 2007 (received for review December 9, 2006)

Footnotes

↵ ^†To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hatchettr{at}niaid.nih.gov

Author contributions: R.J.H., C.E.M., and M.L. designed research; R.J.H., C.E.M., and M.L. performed research; M.L. analyzed data; and R.J.H. and M.L. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
See Commentary on page 7313.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0610941104/DC1.

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Apr 2007	1942	0	2203
May 2007	1902	274	911
Jun 2007	255	125	277
Jul 2007	120	56	101
Aug 2007	140	66	96
Sep 2007	140	103	126
Oct 2007	172	124	119
Nov 2007	154	109	95
Dec 2007	128	47	58
Total 2007	4953	904	3986
Jan 2008	103	64	82
Feb 2008	106	57	85
Mar 2008	143	80	82
Apr 2008	143	59	73
May 2008	103	61	55
Jun 2008	107	61	46
Jul 2008	148	37	34
Aug 2008	159	25	49
Sep 2008	216	57	70
Oct 2008	178	42	46
Nov 2008	231	84	73
Dec 2008	296	59	72
Total 2008	1933	686	767
Jan 2009	333	60	70
Feb 2009	309	37	49
Mar 2009	244	145	73
Apr 2009	332	213	141
May 2009	369	161	178
Jun 2009	254	77	143
Jul 2009	206	85	118
Aug 2009	211	91	80
Sep 2009	276	128	126
Oct 2009	217	82	100
Nov 2009	255	135	91
Dec 2009	207	77	79
Total 2009	3213	1291	1248
Jan 2010	155	73	36
Feb 2010	113	57	40
Mar 2010	140	109	32
Apr 2010	136	94	35
May 2010	78	85	34
Jun 2010	112	86	39
Jul 2010	85	68	19
Aug 2010	64	42	25
Sep 2010	48	56	29
Oct 2010	88	70	41
Nov 2010	84	63	32
Dec 2010	52	34	13
Total 2010	1155	837	375
Jan 2011	35	44	15
Feb 2011	63	56	25
Mar 2011	92	100	35
Apr 2011	32	42	28
May 2011	31	33	20
Jun 2011	44	17	22
Jul 2011	31	17	20
Aug 2011	55	25	40
Sep 2011	65	52	34
Oct 2011	78	86	44
Nov 2011	157	103	53
Dec 2011	58	54	22
Total 2011	741	629	358
Jan 2012	63	34	29
Feb 2012	70	57	36
Mar 2012	130	83	54
Apr 2012	53	43	47
May 2012	84	37	33
Jun 2012	66	33	24
Jul 2012	53	19	13
Aug 2012	64	46	38
Sep 2012	49	20	30
Oct 2012	62	30	38
Nov 2012	84	72	49
Dec 2012	84	36	41
Total 2012	862	510	432
Jan 2013	68	30	49
Feb 2013	100	58	51
Mar 2013	86	87	43
Apr 2013	138	73	73
May 2013	83	27	28
Jun 2013	38	31	23
Jul 2013	53	18	19
Aug 2013	65	37	42
Sep 2013	52	26	23
Oct 2013	63	39	28
Nov 2013	91	47	43
Dec 2013	63	36	68
Total 2013	900	509	490
Jan 2014	56	32	46
Feb 2014	63	44	35
Mar 2014	69	38	44
Apr 2014	98	57	34
May 2014	48	39	20
Jun 2014	55	38	28
Jul 2014	57	53	24
Aug 2014	59	59	29
Sep 2014	62	70	30
Oct 2014	95	114	37
Nov 2014	102	75	35
Dec 2014	75	99	28
Total 2014	839	718	390
Jan 2015	73	56	26
Feb 2015	87	76	26
Mar 2015	71	62	18
Apr 2015	51	51	26
May 2015	47	51	27
Jun 2015	27	40	17
Jul 2015	38	63	25
Aug 2015	65	74	27
Sep 2015	58	61	16
Oct 2015	83	65	27
Nov 2015	100	92	49
Dec 2015	98	62	39
Total 2015	798	753	323
Jan 2016	76	37	31
Feb 2016	118	70	65
Mar 2016	108	87	46
Apr 2016	91	81	36
May 2016	67	60	25
Jun 2016	59	62	25
Jul 2016	48	21	17
Aug 2016	70	96	40
Sep 2016	72	108	53
Oct 2016	105	95	85
Nov 2016	93	99	71
Dec 2016	116	114	64
Total 2016	1023	930	558
Jan 2017	53	93	88
Feb 2017	82	111	69
Mar 2017	65	106	84
Apr 2017	74	152	125
May 2017	67	72	57
Jun 2017	36	57	52
Jul 2017	42	45	59
Aug 2017	109	70	47
Sep 2017	62	73	41
Oct 2017	51	66	40
Nov 2017	88	81	45
Dec 2017	74	73	34
Total 2017	803	999	741
Jan 2018	44	68	53
Feb 2018	112	90	73
Mar 2018	81	91	49
Apr 2018	224	215	55
May 2018	111	115	48
Jun 2018	66	80	20
Jul 2018	62	69	40
Aug 2018	86	80	27
Sep 2018	87	66	30
Oct 2018	29	83	45
Nov 2018	24	210	78
Dec 2018	13	121	48
Total 2018	939	1288	566
Jan 2019	47	85	38
Feb 2019	91	87	32
Mar 2019	25	226	99
Apr 2019	30	81	53
May 2019	70	97	30
Jun 2019	19	56	7
Jul 2019	8	50	27
Aug 2019	15	62	20
Sep 2019	18	71	27
Oct 2019	14	62	23
Nov 2019	31	79	37
Dec 2019	21	107	39
Total 2019	389	1063	432
Jan 2020	13	268	62
Feb 2020	134	5094	559
Mar 2020	1231	156893	16925
Apr 2020	683	34338	6713
May 2020	377	15887	2917
Jun 2020	146	5966	1039
Jul 2020	26	5246	781
Aug 2020	44	3043	682
Sep 2020	19	2992	403
Oct 2020	88	3012	618
Nov 2020	59	3312	360
Dec 2020	93	3151	375
Total 2020	2913	239202	31434
Jan 2021	34	2349	337
Feb 2021	23	2016	247
Total 2021	57	4365	584
Total	21518	254684	42684