Researchers are exploring whether these ubiquitous fluorinated molecules might worsen infections or hamper vaccine effectiveness.
Image credit: Shutterstock/Dmitry Naumov.
-
Edited by Rochel Gelman, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, and approved May 8, 2008 (received for review November 12, 2007)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Examples of ArPA gesture strings produced by speakers of all four languages. (Top) The pictures show a Spanish speaker describing the boy tilts glass vignette. (Middle) The pictures show an English speaker and a Turkish speaker describing the captain swings pail vignette; note that the English speaker (Upper Middle) conveys the captain by producing a gesture for his cap, the Turkish speaker (Lower Middle) by pointing at the still picture of the captain. (Bottom) The pictures show a Chinese speaker describing the girl covers box vignette.
- Fig. 2.
Proportion of speech (Left) and gesture (Right) strings produced by speakers of Turkish, Chinese, English, and Spanish to describe transitive actions that were consistent with the ArPA order. Included are both in-place and crossing-space transitive actions.
- Fig. 3.
Performance on the transparency task. (Upper) Displayed is the set of transparencies for the man carries chicken to scaffolding vignette (a transitive action crossing space), with transparencies as participants saw them (Left) and transparencies after being stacked (Right). (Lower) The graphs display the mean number of times speakers of Turkish, Chinese, English, and Spanish selected transparencies in each of the possible orders for actors and acts in intransitive actions (Left) and actors, acts, and patients in transitive actions in place (Center) and crossing space (Right).
Tables
- Table 1.
Speech and gesture strings produced by Turkish, English, Spanish, and Chinese speakers categorized according to their fits to predominant orders
Types of actions described Speech strings † Gesture strings ‡ Predominant speech order Proportion consistent with speech order Predominant gesture order Proportion consistent with gesture order Proportion consistent with speech order § Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Actors, acts (intransitive) In-place and crossing-space actions Turkish speakers Ar A 1.00 (0.00) Ar A 0.85 (0.10) Chinese speakers Ar A 1.00 (0.00) Ar A 0.98 (0.01) English speakers Ar A 1.00 (0.00) Ar A 0.99 (0.01) Spanish speakers Ar A 0.94 (0.03) Ar A 0.97 (0.02) Actors, patients, acts (transitive) In-place actions Turkish speakers Ar P A 0.97 (0.02) Ar P A 1.00 (0.00) Chinese speakers Ar A P 0.88 (0.04) Ar P A 0.84 (0.06) 0.30 (0.09)* English speakers Ar A P 0.98 (0.01) Ar P A 0.90 (0.03) 0.20 (0.06)* Spanish speakers Ar A P 0.92 (0.05) Ar P A 0.86 (0.05) 0.34 (0.06)* Crossing-space actions Turkish speakers Ar P A 0.93 (0.04) Ar P A 0.69 (0.13) Chinese speakers Ar P A 0.80 (0.06) Ar P A 0.90 (0.08) English speakers Ar A P 0.88 (0.10) Ar P A 0.78 (0.08) 0.21 (0.07)* Spanish speakers Ar A P 0.86 (0.05) Ar P A 0.87 (0.04) 0.13 (0.07)* -
Gestures were produced in place of speech and thus were not accompanied by any speech at all.
-
↵*, P < 0.0001, comparing proportion of gesture strings consistent with gesture order vs. speech order.
-
↵ †Proportions were calculated by taking the number of spoken sentences a participant produced that were consistent with the predominant speech order and dividing that number by the total number of spoken sentences the participant produced to describe the target event.
-
↵ ‡Proportions were calculated by taking the number of gesture strings a participant produced that were consistent with the predominant gesture order or the predominant speech order and dividing that number by the total number of gesture strings the participant produced to describe the target event. Participants did not always produce gestures for all three elements when describing transitive actions (see Table S1). When ArA strings were produced for a transitive action, we counted those strings as consistent with the predominant order for gesture and speech and thus included them in the numerator for both proportions.
-
↵ §A blank cell indicates that the predominant gesture order is identical to the predominant speech order for that language group.
-
Data supplements
The natural order of events: How speakers of different languages represent events nonverbally
Sign up for Article Alerts
Jump to section
You May Also be Interested in
Recent experiments and simulations are starting to answer some fundamental questions about how life came to be.
Image credit: Shutterstock/Radoslaw Lecyk.
Archaeologists have long tried to define the transition between the two time periods.
Image credit: Ceri Shipton.
Adam Mastroianni and Daniel Gilbert explore why conversations almost never end when people want them to.
A study finds that giant pandas roll in horse manure to increase their cold tolerance.
Image credit: Fuwen Wei.