An emerging movement ecology paradigm

Linking Processes to Patterns and the Importance of Scale

The general challenge of identifying the mechanisms underlying ecological patterns (14) is particularly relevant for movement research: we need to identify phases of specific activity modes in observed movement paths (1, 4) and reveal the underlying mechanisms from their statistical properties. This Special Feature illustrates two complementary ways to address this challenge. The first, applied here to animals (4) and plants (5), explicitly depicts the underlying mechanisms and associate potential determinants of movement processes with the resulting patterns. The second takes the opposite approach: from patterns to processes. Bartumeus and Levin (8) quantify intermittency in movement patterns of animals that search, suggesting that the switch between scanning and reorientation could infer, for example, the effects of limited perception and/or a patchy environmental structure. Wittemyer et al. (6) use time-series techniques to infer about basic movement phases and formulate hypotheses about the major links, such as those between risk (human hunting) aversion, social dominance, and seasonal dynamics of the resources, that underlie elephant movements.

A major challenge in movement research is to explicitly link the statistical properties of movement patterns to specific internal traits and/or behaviors. Movement ecology facilitates this integration (1). The theoretical guidelines provided by Getz and Saltz (4) and Bartumeus and Levin (8) must be complemented by empirical studies that delve more deeply into the mechanistic determinants of movement. Lohmann et al. (11) suggest a novel hypothesis of how salmon and sea turtles navigate long distances back to their spawning grounds in essentially featureless oceanic landscapes. Ovaskainen et al. (10) apply the harmonic radar technique to quantify small-scale movements of butterflies originating from populations in continuous landscapes in China and Estonia and from fragmented landscapes in Finland. Significant differences in small-scale movements were found only between butterflies from old and newly established populations in Finland, suggesting that variation in motion capacity or internal state makes butterflies from newly established populations more mobile. Mandel et al. (12) analyze the effects of atmospheric factors and topography on migratory flights of vultures, emphasizing their dependence on high turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) conditions in the atmospheric boundary layer. High TKE was also critical for long-distance wind dispersal of tree seeds (5).

A related key challenge in ecological research, identifying the key processes shaping patterns at different spatial and temporal scales (14), was emphasized in many contributions to this Special Feature. Lohmann et al. (11) suggest scale-dependent navigation in salmon and sea turtles, in which geomagnetic and olfactory imprints of the natal areas guide a phase of large-scale navigation by the Earth's magnetic field, followed by small-scale navigation governed by chemical gradients to specific destinations. Fryxell et al.'s (13) analysis of elk movements across five orders of magnitude in time (minutes to years) and space (meters to hundreds of kilometers) provides one of the most comprehensive investigations of movement at multiple spatiotemporal scales. They show that elk switch among two or more movement modes at each spatiotemporal scale examined. They stress the challenge of elucidating the basic components of the movement ecology framework and their interactions to fully understand the observed movement patterns.

The Role of Movement in Determining Ecological and Evolutionary Processes

As emphasized in Damschen et al. (9), movement plays an important, but not exclusive, role in determining ecological and evolutionary patterns. However, we should remain mindful of Daniel Janzen's assertion (as quoted in ref. 3) that “an awful lot of biologists conveniently trim [movement] out of their way of thinking to make their problems simpler”. Progress in movement ecology requires that studies of populations, communities, and ecosystems will consider movement explicitly. However, movement research needs to consider constraints and tradeoffs associated with other life history traits and should elucidate how premovement and postmovement processes such as fecundity and establishment interact with movement to shape ecological processes and patterns. Revilla and Wiegand (7) illustrate an application of the movement ecology framework to elucidate the role of dispersal in the dynamics of lynx populations in spatially structured landscapes. They propose that between-patch movement and within-patch demography cannot be considered as separate entities, because birth–death processes affect the movement behavior of individuals and vice versa.

Potential Future Directions

Introducing new concepts into any discipline is frequently met with resistance, as part of refining and clarifying emerging paradigms (15). This Special Feature aims at gearing up this process for movement ecology. There is a growing recognition of the need to understand and predict movement processes driving biological invasions, the spread of pests and diseases, and the persistence of local populations and entire species in light of ongoing global environmental changes. Combined with drastic improvements in our ability to track and analyze movement, it is hoped that movement ecology will pave the way for developing a unified theory of organismal movement. Although this Special Feature provides only a taste of a much broader scientific enterprise (2), we hope it will help accelerate scientific progress in solving our most urgent ecological problems, in further elucidating the research questions addressed here and other important issues such as collective movements of groups, large-scale connectivity, and movements of microorganisms and humans.