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Research Article

Dating the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses

Gavin J. D. Smith, Justin Bahl, Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna, Jinxia Zhang, Leo L. M. Poon, Honglin Chen, Robert G. Webster, J. S. Malik Peiris, and Yi Guan
  1. aState Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases & Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China;
  2. bInternational Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China;
  3. cVirology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38015; and
  4. dHKU-Pasteur Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China

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PNAS July 14, 2009 106 (28) 11709-11712; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904991106
Gavin J. D. Smith
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Justin Bahl
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Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna
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Jinxia Zhang
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Leo L. M. Poon
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Honglin Chen
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Robert G. Webster
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  • For correspondence: yguan@hkucc.hku.hk robert.webster@stjude.org
J. S. Malik Peiris
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Yi Guan
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  • For correspondence: yguan@hkucc.hku.hk robert.webster@stjude.org
  1. Contributed by Robert G. Webster, May 26, 2009

  2. ↵1G.J.D.S., J.B., and D.V. contributed equally to this work. (received for review March 31, 2009)

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Article Information

vol. 106 no. 28 11709-11712
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904991106
PubMed: 
19597152

Published By: 
National Academy of Sciences
Print ISSN: 
0027-8424
Online ISSN: 
1091-6490
History: 
  • Published in issue July 14, 2009.
  • Published first July 13, 2009.

Copyright & Usage: 
© 2009 Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.

Author Information

  1. Gavin J. D. Smitha,b,1,
  2. Justin Bahla,b,1,
  3. Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishnaa,b,1,
  4. Jinxia Zhanga,b,
  5. Leo L. M. Poona,
  6. Honglin Chena,b,
  7. Robert G. Webstera,c,2,
  8. J. S. Malik Peirisa,d and
  9. Yi Guana,b,2
  1. aState Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases & Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China;
  2. bInternational Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China;
  3. cVirology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38015; and
  4. dHKU-Pasteur Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
  1. Contributed by Robert G. Webster, May 26, 2009

  2. ↵1G.J.D.S., J.B., and D.V. contributed equally to this work. (received for review March 31, 2009)

Footnotes

  • 2To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: yguan{at}hkucc.hku.hk or robert.webster{at}stjude.org
  • Author contributions: G.J.D.S., J.B., D.V., and Y.G. designed research; G.J.D.S., J.B., and D.V. performed research; G.J.D.S., J.B., D.V., J.S.M.P., and Y.G. analyzed data; and G.J.D.S., J.B., D.V., J.Z., L.L.M.P., H.C., R.G.W., J.S.M.P., and Y.G. wrote the paper.

  • The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  • This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0904991106/DCSupplemental.

  • Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.

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Article usage

Article usage: July 2009 to April 2021

AbstractFullPdf
Jul 200961966712463
Aug 20092237389595
Sep 20091717527443
Oct 2009693280323
Nov 2009739304380
Dec 2009374128135
Total 20091195622994339
Jan 2010341105134
Feb 2010338102139
Mar 20103207598
Apr 20102619184
May 20102217164
Jun 20102099190
Jul 20101675962
Aug 20102276258
Sep 20101046651
Oct 201012711467
Nov 201012410684
Dec 2010684036
Total 20102507982967
Jan 2011639556
Feb 2011816039
Mar 2011928856
Apr 20111066653
May 2011784454
Jun 2011874340
Jul 2011992953
Aug 20111093035
Sep 20111094637
Oct 20111484778
Nov 20111947976
Dec 20111094447
Total 20111275671624
Jan 20121044147
Feb 20121256248
Mar 20121803656
Apr 20122175457
May 20121853461
Jun 2012933638
Jul 2012644144
Aug 2012783237
Sep 2012922948
Oct 2012934138
Nov 20121084434
Dec 20121313627
Total 20121470486535
Jan 20131344044
Feb 20131104025
Mar 2013754321
Apr 20132016964
May 20131504841
Jun 2013982421
Jul 20131513130
Aug 20131124153
Sep 20131164133
Oct 20131124337
Nov 20131393442
Dec 20131055156
Total 20131503505467
Jan 20141035426
Feb 20142504850
Mar 20141683938
Apr 20141703651
May 20141384530
Jun 20141222627
Jul 201412010669
Aug 20141526226
Sep 20141706337
Oct 201419410971
Nov 20141806625
Dec 20141482716
Total 20141915681466
Jan 20151891625
Feb 20151914452
Mar 20151735742
Apr 20152092328
May 20152042934
Jun 20151844721
Jul 20151702826
Aug 20151853022
Sep 20152362024
Oct 20152355743
Nov 20151937077
Dec 20151653920
Total 20152334460414
Jan 20161724135
Feb 2016865221
Mar 2016875944
Apr 2016742647
May 20168036203
Jun 2016943327
Jul 2016773327
Aug 2016924833
Sep 2016675344
Oct 20161214139
Nov 20169410389
Dec 20166289101
Total 20161106614710
Jan 2017458590
Feb 2017505341
Mar 2017643242
Apr 20173932220
May 2017513730
Jun 2017613720
Jul 2017572131
Aug 2017383021
Sep 2017575031
Oct 2017735830
Nov 2017473827
Dec 2017423734
Total 2017624510617
Jan 2018564245
Feb 201822321555
Mar 20181099758
Apr 201813911888
May 201810410574
Jun 201812513529
Jul 2018688027
Aug 2018666516
Sep 201811511831
Oct 20182311623
Nov 20181014036
Dec 2018847821
Total 201810461709503
Jan 20192455330
Feb 20191624226
Mar 2019157830
Apr 2019256639
May 2019178923
Jun 2019159420
Jul 2019711324
Aug 201989515
Sep 2019125714
Oct 2019235519
Nov 2019226935
Dec 2019137815
Total 20191971589290
Jan 2020247120
Feb 2020448238
Mar 20205318376
Apr 2020561273175
May 20207116985
Jun 20205511341
Jul 20205010255
Aug 20208866951
Sep 20205112237
Oct 20206415180
Nov 20207115062
Dec 20204910950
Total 202011812194770
Jan 2021337352
Feb 20213611941
Mar 20217812681
Apr 2021163621
Total 2021163354195
Total272771305410897
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Dating the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses
Gavin J. D. Smith, Justin Bahl, Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna, Jinxia Zhang, Leo L. M. Poon, Honglin Chen, Robert G. Webster, J. S. Malik Peiris, Yi Guan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jul 2009, 106 (28) 11709-11712; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904991106

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Dating the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses
Gavin J. D. Smith, Justin Bahl, Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna, Jinxia Zhang, Leo L. M. Poon, Honglin Chen, Robert G. Webster, J. S. Malik Peiris, Yi Guan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jul 2009, 106 (28) 11709-11712; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904991106
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