Recent experiments and simulations are starting to answer some fundamental questions about how life came to be.
Image credit: Shutterstock/Radoslaw Lecyk.
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Edited by Paul E. Olsen, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, and approved September 8, 2009
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Skull reconstruction of A. altai, based on the holotype (IGM 100/1844) and photos of individual bones of the holotype. (A) Left maxilla in lateral view. (B) Left nasal in lateral view. (C) Left lacrimal in lateral view. (D) Left jugal in lateral and dorsal views. (E) Left dentary in lateral view. apf, accessory promaxillary fenestra; cp, cornual process of jugal; jh, jugal horn; lh, lacrimal hornlet; nr, nasal rugosities. (Scale bars, 5 cm.)
- Fig. 2.
Braincase of A. altai (IGM 100/1844). (A and B) Photographs in dorsal (A) and left lateral (B) views. (C) A digital endocast reconstructed from computed tomography. atr, anterior tympanic recess; btp, basipterygoid process; btr, basipterygoid recess; c, cerebrum; cr, columellar recess; dcv, caudal middle cerebral vein; f, frontal; fl, flocculus; fp, fenestra pseudorotunda; fv, fenestra vestibuli; ic, internal carotid recess; jc, jugular canal (nerves X and XI); nc, nuchal crest of parietal; np, nasal process of frontal; oc, occipital condyle; ol, osseous labyrinth; or, orbital rim of frontal; ot, olfactory tract; pa, parietal; pb, pituitary body; pc, postorbital contact; pf, prootic fenestra (nerves V and VII, prootic recess); pn, pneumatic foramen; pop, paroccipital process; pp, preotic pendant; pr, parasphenoid rostrum; prf, prefrontal; ptr, posterior tympanic recess; sc, sagittal crest; scr, subcondylar recess; stf, supratemporal fossa. Roman numerals denote cranial nerves. (Scale bars: A and B, 5 cm; C, 2 cm.)
- Fig. 3.
Skeletal reconstruction of A. altai, based on the holotype (IGM 100/1844) and photos of individual bones of the holotype. (A) Midcervical vertebra in anterior view. (B) Midcervical vertebra in right lateral view. ap, anterior pneumatic pocket on transverse process; pp, pneumatic pocket on the web of bone above the transverse process. (Scale bar for the reconstruction, 2 m; scale bar for the vertebrae photos, 5 cm.)
- Fig. 4.
The strict consensus of four most-parsimonious trees recovered by the phylogenetic analysis (626 steps; consistency index = 0.60; retention index = 0.65) scaled against the Jurassic and Cretaceous time scale. The analysis places Alioramus as a derived tyrannosaurid and the most basal member of Tyrannosaurinae, the subclade that also includes Daspletosaurus, Tarbosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus. Numbers next to nodes denote Bremer support/bootstrap values (1,000 interations). Thick black bars represent the finest stratigraphic age resolution for each taxon, not actual observed ranges.
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A long-snouted, multihorned tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia
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