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Communicated by James G. Anderson, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, June 30, 2010 (received for review June 15, 2009)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Schematic illustration of photophoretic forces. A and B show, respectively, thermal gradient (ΔT) and accommodation coefficient (Δα) forces acting on idealized spherical particles. Note that for ΔT, the photophoretic force (Fp) is aligned with the asymmetry in the radiation field that drives the thermal gradient, in this case the incident solar radiation (insolation); whereas for Δα, the vector is oriented along the asymmetry in the accommodation coefficients and rotates with the particle. C illustrates design of the disk described in the text, whereas D illustrates the fields and forces acting on the disk as described in SI Text.
- Fig. 2.
Photophoretic force versus altitude. The upward photophoretic force, FP, is normalized by the downward gravitational force, FG, so that a particle is stably levitated at FP/FG = 1 (dashed line). Downward forces (FP/FG < 0) can occur near the stratopause when the particle’s radiative equilibrium temperature is less than ambient; forces decline to zero above the mesopause as particle temperatures become radiatively controlled. Particles may be trapped below the stratopause at “A” or below the mesopause at “B.” Forces are computed for three combinations of solar and thermal band emissivity by solving the energy balance equation shown in SI Text, assuming a disk with h = 50 nm, ρ = 3,000 kg m-3,
, and δα = 0.15. Calculations assume the 1976 Standard Atmosphere (30) and TE = 255 K.
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Photophoretic levitation of engineered aerosols for geoengineering
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