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Edited by Steven D. Gaines, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board August 10, 2010 (received for review October 29, 2009)
Abstract
The marine realm represents 70% of the surface of the biosphere and contains a rich variety of organisms, including more than 34 of the 36 living phyla, some of which are only found in the oceans. The number of marine species used by humans is growing at unprecedented rates, including the rapid domestication of marine species for aquaculture and the discovery of natural products and genes of medical and biotechnological interest in marine biota. The rapid growth in the human appropriation of marine genetic resources (MGRs), with over 18,000 natural products and 4,900 patents associated with genes of marine organisms, with the latter growing at 12% per year, demonstrates that the use of MGRs is no longer a vision but a growing source of biotechnological and business opportunities. The diversification of the use of marine living resources by humans calls for an urgent revision of the goals and policies of marine protected areas, to include the protection of MGRs and address emerging issues like biopiracy or benefit sharing. Specific challenges are the protection of these valuable resources in international waters, where no universally accepted legal framework exists to protect and regulate the exploitation of MGRs, and the unresolved issues on patenting components of marine life. Implementing steps toward the protection of MGRs is essential to ensure their sustainable use and to support the flow of future findings of medical and biotechnological interest.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: txetxu{at}imedea.uib-csic.es.
Author contributions: J.M.A., S.A.-H., and C.M.D. designed research; J.M.A. and S.A.-H. performed research; J.M.A. and S.A.-H. analyzed data; J.M.A. wrote the programs; and J.M.A., S.A.-H., and C.M.D. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. S.D.G. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.0911897107/-/DCSupplemental.
- aDepartment of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)- Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Spain; and
- bInstitut Français de Recherche sur la Mer (IFREMER)-Department “Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds” - DEEP, Centre de Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané Cedex, France
Edited by Steven D. Gaines, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board August 10, 2010 (received for review October 29, 2009)
Abstract
The marine realm represents 70% of the surface of the biosphere and contains a rich variety of organisms, including more than 34 of the 36 living phyla, some of which are only found in the oceans. The number of marine species used by humans is growing at unprecedented rates, including the rapid domestication of marine species for aquaculture and the discovery of natural products and genes of medical and biotechnological interest in marine biota. The rapid growth in the human appropriation of marine genetic resources (MGRs), with over 18,000 natural products and 4,900 patents associated with genes of marine organisms, with the latter growing at 12% per year, demonstrates that the use of MGRs is no longer a vision but a growing source of biotechnological and business opportunities. The diversification of the use of marine living resources by humans calls for an urgent revision of the goals and policies of marine protected areas, to include the protection of MGRs and address emerging issues like biopiracy or benefit sharing. Specific challenges are the protection of these valuable resources in international waters, where no universally accepted legal framework exists to protect and regulate the exploitation of MGRs, and the unresolved issues on patenting components of marine life. Implementing steps toward the protection of MGRs is essential to ensure their sustainable use and to support the flow of future findings of medical and biotechnological interest.
- marine protected areas
- marine reserves
- natural products
- gene patents
- law of the sea
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: txetxu{at}imedea.uib-csic.es.
Author contributions: J.M.A., S.A.-H., and C.M.D. designed research; J.M.A. and S.A.-H. performed research; J.M.A. and S.A.-H. analyzed data; J.M.A. wrote the programs; and J.M.A., S.A.-H., and C.M.D. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. S.D.G. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.0911897107/-/DCSupplemental.
What lies underneath: Conserving the oceans’ genetic resources
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