Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans

^aDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
^bUniversity of California, San Francisco, CA 94158;
^cDepartment of Anthropology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95050;
^dDepartment of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
^eDepartment of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305;
^f23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043;
^gInstitute of Evolutionary Biology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
^hDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912;
ⁱDepartment of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850;
^jDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
^kDepartment of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
^lDepartment of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305

Edited by Mary-Claire King, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, and approved February 3, 2011 (received for review November 29, 2010)

Footnotes

↵¹To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bmhenn{at}stanford.edu.

Author contributions: B.M.H., P.A.U., C.D.B., and M.W.F. designed research; B.M.H., C.R.G., S.R., and A.A.L. performed research; M.J., L.H., A.B., D.C., K.K.K., P.P., and J.L.M. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; B.M.H., C.R.G., M.J., J.M.G., J.M.M., J.M.K., L.R.-B., and P.J.N. analyzed data; and B.M.H., C.R.G., P.J.N., C.D.B., J.L.M., and M.W.F. wrote the paper.
This Feature Article is part of a series identified by the Editorial Board as reporting findings of exceptional significance.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors from 23andMe, Inc. (C.R.G., J.M.M., L.H., and J.L.M.) declare competing financial interests as employees at and stock holders of 23andMe, Inc. SNP arrays designed by 23andMe were used to generate a unique dataset reported in this article. To our knowledge, affiliation with 23andMe, Inc. did not bias the results or discussion of results reported in this article.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
Data deposition: Genotype data will be hosted on a Stanford University website: http://www-evo.stanford.edu/pubs.html.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1017511108/-/DCSupplemental.

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Mar 2011	14073	277	4322
Apr 2011	8788	716	1472
May 2011	2880	305	558
Jun 2011	948	240	413
Jul 2011	557	130	279
Aug 2011	464	123	234
Sep 2011	516	165	304
Oct 2011	512	172	276
Nov 2011	442	146	270
Dec 2011	367	92	215
Total 2011	29547	2366	8343
Jan 2012	418	128	241
Feb 2012	391	151	212
Mar 2012	428	143	238
Apr 2012	350	112	174
May 2012	375	128	215
Jun 2012	298	102	156
Jul 2012	323	144	167
Aug 2012	349	146	199
Sep 2012	237	132	147
Oct 2012	253	124	126
Nov 2012	213	85	120
Dec 2012	204	72	81
Total 2012	3839	1467	2076
Jan 2013	205	90	109
Feb 2013	192	99	98
Mar 2013	296	458	121
Apr 2013	233	127	90
May 2013	219	88	100
Jun 2013	189	103	39
Jul 2013	182	79	50
Aug 2013	194	103	90
Sep 2013	163	70	88
Oct 2013	198	90	89
Nov 2013	169	106	74
Dec 2013	165	88	65
Total 2013	2405	1501	1013
Jan 2014	120	97	57
Feb 2014	171	77	59
Mar 2014	181	107	65
Apr 2014	315	108	57
May 2014	171	115	70
Jun 2014	116	213	50
Jul 2014	140	57	56
Aug 2014	152	82	44
Sep 2014	221	121	57
Oct 2014	452	121	57
Nov 2014	333	72	77
Dec 2014	138	68	39
Total 2014	2510	1238	688
Jan 2015	168	96	48
Feb 2015	147	71	50
Mar 2015	244	74	55
Apr 2015	206	74	59
May 2015	152	67	80
Jun 2015	171	61	59
Jul 2015	151	54	47
Aug 2015	172	51	54
Sep 2015	178	76	66
Oct 2015	308	91	104
Nov 2015	256	92	111
Dec 2015	244	63	66
Total 2015	2397	870	799
Jan 2016	188	78	77
Feb 2016	236	78	70
Mar 2016	255	106	85
Apr 2016	213	96	75
May 2016	194	75	53
Jun 2016	170	107	54
Jul 2016	182	84	36
Aug 2016	299	86	42
Sep 2016	242	126	64
Oct 2016	197	152	68
Nov 2016	186	123	52
Dec 2016	156	119	36
Total 2016	2518	1230	712
Jan 2017	134	180	44
Feb 2017	175	141	43
Mar 2017	204	178	108
Apr 2017	149	145	48
May 2017	145	200	52
Jun 2017	158	651	52
Jul 2017	127	475	37
Aug 2017	145	297	24
Sep 2017	180	384	33
Oct 2017	230	348	36
Nov 2017	169	349	62
Dec 2017	123	452	76
Total 2017	1939	3800	615
Jan 2018	151	781	123
Feb 2018	236	712	46
Mar 2018	516	1005	80
Apr 2018	306	760	85
May 2018	249	479	58
Jun 2018	203	426	31
Jul 2018	253	535	40
Aug 2018	228	488	50
Sep 2018	209	313	68
Oct 2018	57	254	66
Nov 2018	51	281	56
Dec 2018	103	380	48
Total 2018	2562	6414	751
Jan 2019	36	599	41
Feb 2019	31	339	41
Mar 2019	49	250	54
Apr 2019	45	344	68
May 2019	48	329	47
Jun 2019	31	401	29
Jul 2019	53	369	46
Aug 2019	30	438	31
Sep 2019	26	447	25
Oct 2019	81	589	104
Nov 2019	70	486	57
Dec 2019	50	456	49
Total 2019	550	5047	592
Jan 2020	45	554	47
Feb 2020	44	597	56
Mar 2020	50	508	60
Apr 2020	46	498	64
May 2020	57	368	61
Jun 2020	34	213	67
Jul 2020	25	205	105
Aug 2020	22	164	69
Sep 2020	37	223	23
Oct 2020	71	254	92
Nov 2020	37	231	47
Dec 2020	51	260	31
Total 2020	519	4075	722
Jan 2021	26	236	54
Feb 2021	34	213	58
Mar 2021	37	234	129
Apr 2021	11	102	16
Total 2021	108	785	257
Total	48894	28793	16568