Atmospheric methane levels increased over geological formations in Northern Siberia following a heat wave in 2020, suggesting that permafrost thaw releases methane from reservoirs.
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons.
Edited* by Gene E. Robinson, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, and approved January 11, 2011 (received for review June 17, 2010)
Abstract
Ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on Earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. Although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (Roche) and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support. Manual annotation of >1,000 genes from a variety of different gene families and functional classes reveals unique features of the Argentine ant's biology, as well as similarities to Apis mellifera and Nasonia vitripennis. Distinctive features of the Argentine ant genome include remarkable expansions of gustatory (116 genes) and odorant receptors (367 genes), an abundance of cytochrome P450 genes (>110), lineage-specific expansions of yellow/major royal jelly proteins and desaturases, and complete CpG DNA methylation and RNAi toolkits. The Argentine ant genome contains fewer immune genes than Drosophila and Tribolium, which may reflect the prominent role played by behavioral and chemical suppression of pathogens. Analysis of the ratio of observed to expected CpG nucleotides for genes in the reproductive development and apoptosis pathways suggests higher levels of methylation than in the genome overall. The resources provided by this genome sequence will offer an abundance of tools for researchers seeking to illuminate the fascinating biology of this emerging model organism.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: ntsutsui{at}berkeley.edu or smithcd{at}sfsu.edu.
Author contributions: C.D.S. and N.D.T. designed research; C.D.S., A.Z., C.H., E.A., R.B., E.C., V.C., E.E., C.G.E., M.-J.F., V.F., J.G., J.D.G., D.G., D.E.H., M.H., H.H., A.S.I.V., B.R.J., R.M.J., A.K., J.W.K., J.L., M.C.M.-T., R.N., R.P.O., J.E.P., R.R., J.T.R., H.M.R., C.R.S., A.V.S., S.T., C.W.T., E.v.W., L.V., K.K.O.W., M.Y., and N.D.T. performed research; C.D.S., A.Z., C.H., C.G.E., M.C.M., S.N., H.M.R., M.Y., and N.D.T. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; C.D.S., A.Z., C.H., E.A., R.B., E.C., V.C., C.R.C., E.E., C.G.E., M.-J.F., V.F., J.G., J.D.G., D.G., K.J.G., D.E.H., M.H., J.-A.H., H. H., A.S.I.V., B.R.J., R.M.J., A.K., J.W.K., J.L., K.A.M., J.A.M., M.C.M.-T., R.N., R.P.O., J.E.P., R.R., J.T.R., H.M.R., C.R.S., A.V.S., G.S., E.L.S., S.T., C.W.T., E.v.W., L.V., K.K.O.W., A.L.W., M.Y., J.A.Y., and N.D.T. analyzed data; and C.D.S., A.Z., C.H., E.A., R.B., E.C., V.C., C.R.C., E.E., C.G.E., M.-J.F., V.F., J.G., J.D.G., D.G., D.E.H., M.H., H.H., A.S.I.V., R.M.J., A.K., K.A.M., M.C.M.-T., R.P.O., J.E.P., R.R., J.T.R., H.M.R., C.R.S., G.S., S.T., C.W.T., E.v.W., L.V., M.Y., and N.D.T. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
↵*This Direct Submission article had a prearranged editor.
Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database [accession nos. 46575 (transcriptome), 45799 (genome), and 45805 (genome project)].
See Commentary on page 5477.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1008617108/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
Draft genome of the globally widespread and invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)
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