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Edited by Greg Goss, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, and accepted by the Editorial Board March 21, 2011 (received for review December 17, 2010)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
(A) Experimental PAH exposure concentrations over time. Values represent the sum of 44 PAH and alkyl-PAH analytes (ppb) as described in Materials and Methods. Each point represents a single water sample taken on the indicated day after initiation of water flow to the column (day of weathering). The curve was fitted by using an exponential function using pro Fit 6.1.9 for Macintosh. Arrows indicate the three points (day 23, day 33, day 42) where exposure was initiated for the three clutches of embryos raised to adulthood. (B) Cumulative survival of embryos through larval-juvenile metamorphosis. Dead larvae were counted daily through 12 d after fertilization, the period of peak mortality. Values represent the total mean percent mortality (±SE) for five replicate tanks of 30 fish for each group exposed to clean gravel (light gray bars) or oiled gravel (dark gray bars) effluent. Survival of oiled fish was significantly reduced (P = 0.004) but exposure day and interaction between oil exposure and exposure day were not significant (two-way ANOVA). Because water samples were collected in some cases before and after the initiation of exposure, ranges of ∑PAH concentrations are given for each oil-exposed group.
- Fig. 2.
Reduced swimming performance in adult fish exposed to oiled gravel effluent as embryos. Ucrit was measured as described in Materials and Methods. Mean Ucrit (±SE) for fish embryonically exposed to effluent from clean gravel (light gray bars, n = 5) or oiled gravel (dark gray bars, n = 9) is given as an absolute speed (A; cm/s) or relative to body length (B; BL/s). Statistical analysis is discussed in the text.
- Fig. 3.
Embryonic oil exposure changes the cross-sectional dimensions of the adult cardiac ventricle. (A) Representative transverse section of an adult zebrafish heart showing the two main chambers (atrium and ventricle) and the bulbus arteriosus (ba). Arrows indicate locations of length and width measurements. (B) Box plots with individual data points showing length/width ratios for fish embryonically exposed to clean gravel effluent (n = 16) or oiled gravel effluent (n = 17). (Scale bar, 0.5 mm.)
Tables
Treatment group n Length, cm K Clutch 1 clean 25 2.91 ± 0.03 2.01 ± 0.07 Clutch 1 oiled 45 2.99 ± 0.03 2.12 ± 0.05 Clutch 2 clean 25 2.88 ± 0.05 1.97 ± 0.06 Clutch 2 oiled 45 3.07 ± 0.03 2.10 ± 0.06 Clutch 3 clean 25 2.92 ± 0.05 2.36 ± 0.17 Clutch 3 oiled 45 2.99 ± 0.03 2.22 ± 0.06 K, condition factor.
Data supplements
Supporting Information
Files in this Data Supplement:
Sublethal exposure to crude oil during embryonic development alters cardiac morphology and reduces aerobic capacity in adult fish
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