Despite myriad challenges, clinicians see room for progress.
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Edited* by Karl K. Turekian, Yale University, North Haven, CT, and approved July 18, 2011 (received for review June 10, 2011)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
35S activity measured in SO2 gas and sulfate aerosol collected at SIO, La Jolla. A significant increase in
concentration was observed on March 28, 2011, from the natural background activity. The higher activity observed at SIO is due to the presence of higher concentration of (365 times higher than the natural abundance) at Fukushima and the radiation plume being transported over the Pacific. - Fig. 2.
Ten-day back trajectory obtained for the air mass reaching La Jolla, California, on March 28, 2011, from HYSPLIT model indicates that the air mass originated at Japan.
- Fig. 3.
Schematic description of a moving box model developed to calculate the concentration of
and at Scripps pier, La Jolla (California) due to the long-range transport of radiation plume from Fukushima. The atmosphere is divided into four layers: MBL, BuL, free troposphere (FT), and lower stratosphere (LS). τdill is the dilution lifetime of the radiation plume. τox is the oxidation lifetime of , whereas τc and τd are the cloud scavenging and dry depositional lifetime of , respectively. τr is the removal lifetime of (see SI Text). The dotted line (red) represents the mean transit altitude at which air mass transport occurred; it was calculated from HYSPLIT model. The model parameters in the box were changed according to its transit altitude (Table S3).
Tables
- Table 1.
The measurements of 35S activity contained in SO2 (gas) and sulfate aerosol collected at Scripps, La Jolla, California, during March–April 2011
Sample Total air flow, m3 Total disintegration per minute (measured) 35S, atoms/m3 Total [ ], ng/m3Start date End date 3-2-2011 3-9-2011 13,269 18.0 ± 0.4 246 ± 2 3.8 3-9-2011 3-15-2011 9,518 12.9 ± 0.3 246 ± 3 6.6 3-15-2011 3-17-2011 3,338 3.3 ± 0.2 180 ± 6 6.1 3-17-2011 3-22-2011 7,819 10.4 ± 0.3 241 ± 3 18.8 3-22-2011 3-24-2011 3,479 16.8 ± 0.3 876 ± 7 4.8 3-24-2011 3-28-2011 6,502 53.8 ± 0.4 1501 ± 5 3.9 3-28-2011 4-1-2011 6,394 7.4 ± 0.2 210 ± 3 6.5 4-1-2011 4-5-2011 6,511 11.5 ± 0.3 320 ± 4 10.6 4-5-2011 4-8-2011 4,802 12.6 ± 0.3 475 ± 5 9.3 4-8-2011 4-12-2011 6,437 8.4 ± 0.3 237 ± 4 5.5 3-15-2011 3-17-2011 3,338 1.2 ± 0.1 30 ± 6 1.3 3-17-2011 3-22-2011 7,819 3.3 ± 0.1 80 ± 3 1.4 3-22-2011 3-24-2011 3,479 1.7 ± 0.1 100 ± 6 0.9 3-24-2011 3-28-2011 6,502 4.3 ± 0.1 120 ± 3 0.8 3-28-2011 4-1-2011 6,394 1.8 ± 0.1 50 ± 3 1.9 4-1-2011 4-5-2011 6,511 1.0 ± 0.1 28 ± 2 1.0 4-5-2011 4-8-2011 4,802 1.4 ± 0.1 52 ± 3 1.0 4-8-2011 4-12-2011 6,437 1.4 ± 0.1 41 ± 3 1.2
Data supplements
Supporting Information
Files in this Data Supplement:
Evidence of neutron leakage at the Fukushima nuclear plant from measurements of radioactive 35S in California
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- Geophysics
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