Muons penetrate much further than X-rays, they do essentially zero damage, and they are provided for free by the cosmos.
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Edited by William A. V. Clark, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, and approved March 6, 2012 (received for review September 28, 2011)
Abstract
The consequences of environmental change for human migration have gained increasing attention in the context of climate change and recent large-scale natural disasters, but as yet relatively few large-scale and quantitative studies have addressed this issue. We investigate the consequences of climate-related natural disasters for long-term population mobility in rural Bangladesh, a region particularly vulnerable to environmental change, using longitudinal survey data from 1,700 households spanning a 15-y period. Multivariate event history models are used to estimate the effects of flooding and crop failures on local population mobility and long-distance migration while controlling for a large set of potential confounders at various scales. The results indicate that flooding has modest effects on mobility that are most visible at moderate intensities and for women and the poor. However, crop failures unrelated to flooding have strong effects on mobility in which households that are not directly affected but live in severely affected areas are the most likely to move. These results point toward an alternate paradigm of disaster-induced mobility that recognizes the significant barriers to migration for vulnerable households as well their substantial local adaptive capacity.
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: cgray{at}email.unc.edu.
Author contributions: C.L.G. and V.M. designed research, performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
Data deposition: The raw data reported in this paper have been deposited in the International Food Policy Research Institute database and are publicly available at http://www.ifpri.org/dataset/chronic-poverty-and-long-term-impact-study-bangladesh. Data are also available upon request from the authors.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1115944109/-/DCSupplemental.
Disasters and migration in Bangladesh
Article Classifications
- Social Sciences
- Sustainability Science
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