Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal

^aSchool of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QB;
^bInstitute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QB, United Kingdom; and
^cDepartment of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland

Edited by James L. McClelland, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved March 19, 2012 (received for review January 5, 2012)

Footnotes

↵¹To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rachael.jack{at}glasgow.ac.uk.

Author contributions: R.E.J., O.G.B.G., R.C., and P.G.S. designed research; R.E.J., O.G.B.G., and H.Y. performed research; O.G.B.G., H.Y., and P.G.S. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; R.E.J., O.G.B.G., H.Y., and P.G.S. analyzed data; and R.E.J., R.C., and P.G.S. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1200155109/-/DCSupplemental.

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Article usage: April 2012 to February 2021

	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Apr 2012	6040	17	2586
May 2012	8638	1012	2036
Jun 2012	2084	259	671
Jul 2012	1078	124	266
Aug 2012	734	75	246
Sep 2012	618	128	217
Oct 2012	702	174	260
Nov 2012	843	94	264
Dec 2012	755	199	153
Total 2012	21492	2082	6699
Jan 2013	874	258	231
Feb 2013	757	414	190
Mar 2013	801	507	211
Apr 2013	756	583	230
May 2013	607	574	185
Jun 2013	428	461	120
Jul 2013	367	543	158
Aug 2013	293	258	140
Sep 2013	353	445	133
Oct 2013	650	584	249
Nov 2013	585	593	243
Dec 2013	436	338	128
Total 2013	6907	5558	2218
Jan 2014	737	574	184
Feb 2014	824	936	235
Mar 2014	709	772	216
Apr 2014	712	586	170
May 2014	455	405	175
Jun 2014	292	272	86
Jul 2014	326	263	113
Aug 2014	321	251	96
Sep 2014	373	358	113
Oct 2014	621	691	158
Nov 2014	774	775	186
Dec 2014	458	390	129
Total 2014	6602	6273	1861
Jan 2015	475	424	121
Feb 2015	566	554	105
Mar 2015	728	664	158
Apr 2015	655	821	211
May 2015	545	637	131
Jun 2015	352	464	84
Jul 2015	396	400	127
Aug 2015	364	350	123
Sep 2015	418	773	147
Oct 2015	842	965	203
Nov 2015	508	816	174
Dec 2015	432	830	121
Total 2015	6281	7698	1705
Jan 2016	438	706	163
Feb 2016	399	721	184
Mar 2016	361	785	153
Apr 2016	366	603	137
May 2016	269	509	248
Jun 2016	259	497	96
Jul 2016	233	318	90
Aug 2016	300	339	110
Sep 2016	430	585	154
Oct 2016	552	721	183
Nov 2016	576	621	274
Dec 2016	373	505	133
Total 2016	4556	6910	1925
Jan 2017	350	563	124
Feb 2017	405	496	166
Mar 2017	408	817	178
Apr 2017	425	932	189
May 2017	371	697	167
Jun 2017	618	490	187
Jul 2017	226	578	148
Aug 2017	261	509	104
Sep 2017	577	783	231
Oct 2017	461	831	166
Nov 2017	481	704	140
Dec 2017	331	529	103
Total 2017	4914	7929	1903
Jan 2018	382	502	131
Feb 2018	995	917	172
Mar 2018	1382	1216	402
Apr 2018	1601	1298	347
May 2018	1510	1251	422
Jun 2018	649	532	147
Jul 2018	787	720	130
Aug 2018	603	485	169
Sep 2018	646	600	154
Oct 2018	239	646	265
Nov 2018	165	635	252
Dec 2018	115	658	135
Total 2018	9074	9460	2726
Jan 2019	128	673	223
Feb 2019	197	494	265
Mar 2019	349	500	447
Apr 2019	234	630	337
May 2019	394	721	490
Jun 2019	107	324	213
Jul 2019	94	395	100
Aug 2019	75	305	83
Sep 2019	115	580	127
Oct 2019	150	675	182
Nov 2019	181	729	149
Dec 2019	93	729	125
Total 2019	2117	6755	2741
Jan 2020	140	749	176
Feb 2020	134	1138	264
Mar 2020	191	1109	186
Apr 2020	152	1333	197
May 2020	189	1291	290
Jun 2020	101	1057	141
Jul 2020	29	894	82
Aug 2020	22	1504	115
Sep 2020	21	1919	241
Oct 2020	36	1969	245
Nov 2020	57	2307	238
Dec 2020	31	1613	135
Total 2020	1103	16883	2310
Jan 2021	18	1892	212
Feb 2021	26	1594	146
Total 2021	44	3486	358
Total	63090	73034	24446