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Edited by Susan E. Trumbore, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany, and approved October 9, 2012 (received for review July 4, 2012)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Shaded relief map of the Dijle catchment, showing the fluvial network (blue line). The symbols indicate the location of the hillslope, colluvium, and floodplain C profiles and the location of the four study sites where toposequences were studied.
- Fig. 2.
(A) Evolution of land use in the Dijle catchment between 4000 B.C. (i.e., the start of agriculture) and A.D. 2000. (B) Age and average relative accumulated sediment for colluvial and floodplain sediment deposition. The line represents the average value and the error bars indicate the SD (for the 12 floodplain sites) or range (for the three colluvial sites). (C) Reconstructed sediment budget related to accelerated erosion including sediment mobilization on the hillslopes (erosion), deposition on slopes and in dry valleys (colluvium) and floodplains, and export from the Dijle catchment for the period of agriculture. (D) Estimated cumulative emission of C resulting from the direct effect of ALCC (Net Soil + Vegetation), i.e., the C release due to a reduction in vegetation (Vegetation) and soil C losses due to reduced C inputs and increased soil disturbance (Soil). (E) Estimated cumulative emission (positive values, to atmosphere) and uptake (negative values, to soils) resulting from the indirect effect of ALCC through accelerated erosion and burial of soil C. The combination of increased stabilization of C in the soils exposed at the surface of eroded hillslopes (Erosion C uptake) with the slower release from buried sediments in colluvium floodplain soils resulted in net erosion-induced C sink (Net Erosion). (F) Net release of C due to ALCC when both direct losses from soil and vegetation and erosion-induced C uptake are accounted for. The triangles indicate the best estimate of erosion-induced C uptake; the error bars indicate the uncertainty range and are derived from a low and high scenario (SI Text).
- Fig. 3.
Net exchange of C (in Tg C) between the soil and atmosphere as a result of accelerated erosion integrated for the period 4000 B.C. to A.D. 2000 for the Dijle catchment. Boxes represent reservoirs, black arrows represent lateral C fluxes, dark gray arrows represent mineralization of buried C in depositional environments, and light gray arrows represent soil C inputs. The land use change flux is the direct (non–erosion-related) effect of ALCC on soil C storage. The soil thus is both a source and a sink, where the sink term is greater than the source term. The soil C stock is the estimated initial C stock for the upper 1 m of the profile before the start of agriculture (4000 B.C.). *The possible mechanisms leading to destabilization of buried C are decomposition, i.e., a CO2 flux toward the atmosphere, and leaching losses.
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Soil erosion and C cycling
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