Skip to main content
  • Submit
  • About
    • Editorial Board
    • PNAS Staff
    • FAQ
    • Accessibility Statement
    • Rights and Permissions
    • Site Map
  • Contact
  • Journal Club
  • Subscribe
    • Subscription Rates
    • Subscriptions FAQ
    • Open Access
    • Recommend PNAS to Your Librarian
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current
    • Special Feature Articles - Most Recent
    • Special Features
    • Colloquia
    • Collected Articles
    • PNAS Classics
    • List of Issues
  • Front Matter
  • News
    • For the Press
    • This Week In PNAS
    • PNAS in the News
  • Podcasts
  • Authors
    • Information for Authors
    • Editorial and Journal Policies
    • Submission Procedures
    • Fees and Licenses
  • Submit
  • About
    • Editorial Board
    • PNAS Staff
    • FAQ
    • Accessibility Statement
    • Rights and Permissions
    • Site Map
  • Contact
  • Journal Club
  • Subscribe
    • Subscription Rates
    • Subscriptions FAQ
    • Open Access
    • Recommend PNAS to Your Librarian

User menu

  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Home
Home

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current
    • Special Feature Articles - Most Recent
    • Special Features
    • Colloquia
    • Collected Articles
    • PNAS Classics
    • List of Issues
  • Front Matter
  • News
    • For the Press
    • This Week In PNAS
    • PNAS in the News
  • Podcasts
  • Authors
    • Information for Authors
    • Editorial and Journal Policies
    • Submission Procedures
    • Fees and Licenses

New Research In

Physical Sciences

Featured Portals

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Sustainability Science

Articles by Topic

  • Applied Mathematics
  • Applied Physical Sciences
  • Astronomy
  • Computer Sciences
  • Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
  • Engineering
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Mathematics
  • Statistics

Social Sciences

Featured Portals

  • Anthropology
  • Sustainability Science

Articles by Topic

  • Economic Sciences
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Political Sciences
  • Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
  • Social Sciences

Biological Sciences

Featured Portals

  • Sustainability Science

Articles by Topic

  • Agricultural Sciences
  • Anthropology
  • Applied Biological Sciences
  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics and Computational Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Ecology
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Evolution
  • Genetics
  • Immunology and Inflammation
  • Medical Sciences
  • Microbiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Physiology
  • Plant Biology
  • Population Biology
  • Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
  • Sustainability Science
  • Systems Biology
Research Article

Quantum teleportation between remote atomic-ensemble quantum memories

Xiao-Hui Bao, Xiao-Fan Xu, Che-Ming Li, Zhen-Sheng Yuan, Chao-Yang Lu, and Jian-Wei Pan
PNAS December 11, 2012 109 (50) 20347-20351; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207329109
Xiao-Hui Bao
aHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and
bDepartment of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China;
cPhysikalisches Institut der Universitaet Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Xiao-Fan Xu
cPhysikalisches Institut der Universitaet Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Che-Ming Li
cPhysikalisches Institut der Universitaet Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
dDepartment of Engineering Science and Supercomputing Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Zhen-Sheng Yuan
aHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and
bDepartment of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China;
cPhysikalisches Institut der Universitaet Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Chao-Yang Lu
aHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and
bDepartment of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China;
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: cylu@ustc.edu.cn pan@ustc.edu.cn
Jian-Wei Pan
aHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and
bDepartment of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China;
cPhysikalisches Institut der Universitaet Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: cylu@ustc.edu.cn pan@ustc.edu.cn
  1. Edited by Alain Aspect, Institut d'Optique, Orsay, France, and approved October 11, 2012 (received for review May 2, 2012)

Related Articles

  • Insight on future quantum networks
    - Nov 26, 2012
  • In This Issue
    - Dec 11, 2012
  • Article
  • Figures & SI
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

Quantum teleportation and quantum memory are two crucial elements for large-scale quantum networks. With the help of prior distributed entanglement as a “quantum channel,” quantum teleportation provides an intriguing means to faithfully transfer quantum states among distant locations without actual transmission of the physical carriers [Bennett CH, et al. (1993) Phys Rev Lett 70(13):1895–1899]. Quantum memory enables controlled storage and retrieval of fast-flying photonic quantum bits with stationary matter systems, which is essential to achieve the scalability required for large-scale quantum networks. Combining these two capabilities, here we realize quantum teleportation between two remote atomic-ensemble quantum memory nodes, each composed of ∼108 rubidium atoms and connected by a 150-m optical fiber. The spin wave state of one atomic ensemble is mapped to a propagating photon and subjected to Bell state measurements with another single photon that is entangled with the spin wave state of the other ensemble. Two-photon detection events herald the success of teleportation with an average fidelity of 88(7)%. Besides its fundamental interest as a teleportation between two remote macroscopic objects, our technique may be useful for quantum information transfer between different nodes in quantum networks and distributed quantum computing.

  • cold atomic ensembles
  • long-distance quantum communication
  • quantum computation
  • light–matter interface

Single photons are so far the best messengers for quantum networks as they are naturally propagating quantum bits (qubits) and have very weak coupling to the environment (1, 2). However, due to the inevitable photon loss in the transmission channel, the quantum communication is limited currently to a distance of about 200 km (3, 4). To achieve scalable long-distance quantum communication (5, 6), quantum memories are required (7⇓⇓–10), which coherently convert a qubit between light and matter efficiently on desired time points so that operations can be appropriately timed and synchronized. The connection of distant matter qubit nodes and transfer of quantum information between the nodes can be done by distributing atom–photon entanglement through optical channels and quantum teleportation (11).

Optically thick atomic ensemble has been proved to be an excellent candidate for quantum memory (12⇓⇓⇓⇓–17), with promising experimental progress including the entanglement between two atomic ensembles (18, 19), generation of nonclassical fields (12, 13), efficient storage and retrieval of photonic qubits (14), subsecond storage time (17), and demonstration of a preliminary quantum repeater node (15, 16). Quantum teleportation has been demonstrated with single photons (20⇓–22), from light to matter (23, 24), and between single ions (25⇓–27). However, quantum teleportation between remote atomic ensembles has not been realized yet.

In this article, we report a teleportation experiment between two atomic-ensemble quantum memories. The layout of our experiment is shown in Fig. 1. Two atomic ensembles of 87Rb are created using magnetoopticaltrap and locate at two separate nodes. The radius of each ensemble is ∼1 mm. We aim to teleport a single collective atomic excitation (spin wave state) from ensemble A to B, which are linked by a 150-m-long optical fiber and physically separated by ∼0.6 m. The spin wave state can be created through the process of electromagnetically induced transparency (28) or weak Raman scattering (6), and can be written as follows:Embedded Imagewhere “dir” refers to the direction of the spin wave vector Graphic, Graphic refers to the coordinate of jth atom, and N refers to the number of atoms. The atoms are in a collective excited state with only one atom excited to the state Graphic and delocalized over the whole ensemble. The spin wave can be converted to a single photon with a high efficiency (>70% has been reported in refs. 29 and 30) due to the collective enhancement effect (6, 28).

Fig. 1.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Fig. 1.

The experimental setup for quantum teleportation between two remote atomic ensembles. All of the atoms are first prepared at the ground state Graphic. The spin wave state of atomic ensemble A is prepared through the repeated write process. Within each write trail, with a small probability, entanglement between the spin wave vector and the momentum of the write-out photon is created. A polarizing beam splitter (PBS) converts the photon’s momentum to its polarization. A click in D1 heralds a successful state preparation for ensemble A. Conditioned on a successful preparation, a write pulse is applied on atomic ensemble B, creating a pair of photon–spin wave entanglement Graphic. The scattered photon 3 travels through a 150-m-long single-mode fiber and subjects to a Bell state measurement together with the read-out photon 2 from the atomic ensemble A. A coincidence count between detector D2 and D3 heralds the success of teleportation. To verify the teleported state in atomic ensemble B, we convert the spin wave state to the polarization state of photon 4 by applying the read pulse. Photon 4 is measured in arbitrary basis with the utilization of a quarter-wave plate (QWP), a half-wave plate (HWP), and a PBS. The leakage of the write and read pulse into the single-photon channels are filtered out using the pumping vapor cells (PVC). The Graphic -type level schemes used for both ensembles are shown in the Insets.

Our experiment starts with initializing the atomic ensemble A in an arbitrary state to be teleported Graphic, where ↑ (up) and ↓ (down) refer to the directions of the spin wave vector relative to the write direction in Fig. 1, and α and β are arbitrary complex numbers fulfilling Graphic. To do so, the method of remote-state preparation (31) is used. By applying a write pulse, we first create a pair of entanglement between the spin wave vector and the momentum (emission direction) of the write-out photon (photon 1 in Fig. 1) through Raman scattering (32). The momentum degree of the write-out photon is later converted to the polarization degree by a polarizing beam splitter (PBS). In this way, we create the entanglement between the spin wave state of the ensemble and the polarization of the write-out photon. The created atom–photon entangled state can be written as Graphic. Next, we perform a projective measurement of photon 1 in the basis of Graphic, where Graphic and Graphic. Due to the anticorrelation nature of Graphic in an arbitrary basis, if the measurement result gives Graphic, we can infer that the state of ensemble A will be projected to Graphic. Experimentally, we use a combination of a quarter-wave plate, a half-wave plate, and a polarizer to measure photon 1 in an arbitrary basis. Due to the probabilistic character in the Raman scattering process, the excitation probability for each write pulse is made to be sufficiently low (∼0.003) to suppress the double-excitation probability. Therefore, the write process needs to be repeated many times to prepare the atomic state successfully. The storage lifetime for prepared states is measured to be 129 μs, which is mainly limited by motion induced dephasing (33). In our experiment, we select the following six initial states to prepare: Graphic, Graphic, Graphic, Graphic, Graphic and Graphic with Graphic and Graphic by projecting photon 1 into the corresponding states Graphic. To verify this state preparation process, we map the prepared spin wave excitation out to a single photon (photon 2 in Fig. 1) by applying a read pulse on ensemble A and analyze its polarization using the quantum state tomography (34). The reconstructed six spin wave states (Graphic with i = 1–6) of ensemble A are plotted in the Bloch sphere as shown in Fig. 2. The average fidelity between the measured and ideal states is 97.5(2)%.

Fig. 2.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Fig. 2.

Bloch sphere representation of the tomography result for the prepared atomic states. The solid arrow lines represent six target states (Graphic, Graphic, Graphic, Graphic, Graphic, and Graphic). The dashed arrow lines correspond to the six measured states (Graphic with i = 1–6). Calculated fidelities between the measured and target states are shown, showing a near-perfect agreement between the two states. Errors for the fidelities are calculated based on the Poisson statistics of raw photon counts.

Next, we establish the necessary quantum channel connecting the two atomic ensembles. The channel is in the form of entanglement between the spin wave state of atomic ensemble B (stationary and storable) and the polarization of a single photon, which can be distributed far apart. In our experiment, it is created through the process of Raman scattering. Each time when a write pulse is applied, with a small probability, a pair of entangled state between the scattered photon 3 and the spin wave of ensemble B is generated in the following form:Embedded Image

To test the robustness of our teleportation protocol over long distance, we send photon 3 to node A through a 150-m-long single-mode fiber that has an intrinsic loss of about Graphic. The temperature-dependent slow drift of polarization rotation caused by this fiber is actively checked and compensated.

To teleport the state Graphic from node A to B, we need to make a joint Bell state measurement (BSM) between Graphic and photon 3. It is, however, difficult to perform a direct BSM between a single photon and a spin wave. To remedy this problem, we convert the spin wave excitation in atomic ensemble A to a single photon (photon 2) by shining a strong read pulse. Before the conversion, to compensate the time delay of entanglement preparation in node B and transmission of photon 3 from node B to node A, the prepared state Graphic is stored for 1.6 μs. The photons 2 and 3 are then superposed on a PBS for BSM (see the setup in Fig. 1). Stable synchronization of these two independent narrow-band single photons that have coherence length of ∼7.5 m is much easier compared with previous photonic teleportation experiments with parametric down-conversion where the coherence length of the photons is a few hundred micrometers (20), and thus extendable to a large-scale implementation. In addition to ensuring a good spatial and temporal overlap between photons 2 and 3, their frequency should also be made indistinguishable. Thus, the Graphic and Graphic in the Graphic level schemes are arranged to be opposite between A and B, as shown in Fig. 1 as insets. The initial state where the atoms stay is also opposite. By coincidence detection and analysis of the two output photon polarization in the Graphic basis (35), we are able to discriminate two of them, i.e., Graphic and Graphic. The classical measurement results are sent to node B. When we detect Graphic, the teleportation is successful without further operation, whereas in case of Graphic, a π phase shift operation on Graphic is required.

To evaluate the performance of the teleportation process, the teleported state in atomic ensemble B is measured by applying a read laser converting the spin wave excitation to a single photon (photon 4 in Fig. 1) whose polarization is analyzed. Quantum state tomography for the teleported state is applied for all of the six input states shown in Fig. 2. For the events in which BSM result is Graphic, an artificial π phase shift operation is applied to the reconstructed states. Based on this result, we calculate the fidelities between the prepared input states and the teleported states. Because in this case both the input and teleported states are mixed states in practice, we adopt the equation (36) of Graphic, where Graphic and Graphic are arbitrary density matrices. Calculated results are listed in Table 1. We obtain an average fidelity of Graphic, which is well above the threshold of two-thirds attainable with classical means (37). Furthermore, the state tomography results allow us to characterize the teleportation process using the technique of quantum process tomography (38). An arbitrary single-qubit operation on an input state Graphic can be described by a process matrix χ, which is defined as Graphic, where ρ is the output state and Graphic are Pauli matrices with Graphic, Graphic, Graphic, and Graphic. We use the maximum-likelihood method (38) to determine the most likely physical process matrix of our teleportation process. The measured process matrix is shown in Fig. 3. For an ideal teleportation process, there is only one nonzero element of Graphic. Therefore, we get the calculated process fidelity of Graphic with the error calculated based on the Poisson distribution of original counts. The deviation from unit fidelity is mainly caused by the nonperfect entanglement of Graphic and nonperfect interference on the PBS in the BSM stage.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 1.

Calculated fidelities between the prepared states of atomic ensemble A and the teleported states in atomic ensemble B based on the quantum state tomography results using the maximum-likelihood method

Fig. 3.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Fig. 3.

Measured process matrix χ for the teleportation. The real part is shown in A, and the imaginary part is shown in B. For an ideal teleportation process, there should be only one nonzero element (Graphic).

We note that, in our experiment, the auxiliary entanglement pair between atomic ensemble B and photon 3 is probabilistic; thus, our teleportation process also works probabilistically. For each input state, our teleportation process succeeds with a probability of Graphic, where Graphic (7%) is the detected retrieval efficiency of ensemble A, Graphic (Graphic) is the detection probability of a write-out photon from ensemble B during each write trial, and the one-half is due to the efficiency of BSM (two Bell states of four). The success probability is 4 orders of magnitude larger than the previous trapped-ion teleportation experiment (27). Another useful feature of our experiment is that a trigger signal is available to herald the success of teleportation, which can benefit many applications including long-distance quantum communication (6, 9) and distributed quantum computing (7, 39). This trigger signal comes from the coincidence detection between Graphic and Graphic in the BSM stage. Let us further analyze the read-out noise of ensemble A and high-order excitations of ensemble B. We find that the BSM signal is mixed with some noise, which could give a fake trigger for teleportation. There are mainly three contributions for the BSM signal as listed below:Embedded Imagewhere Graphic is the detection probabilities of a write-out photon from ensemble A during each write trial. The first term is the desired term, which corresponds to the case that one photon is retrieved out from node A and the other is the write-out photon from node B. The second term means that both photons are from node A, with one being the retrieved photon and the other the read-out noise photon, which has a similar probability as the excitation probability. The third term comes from the case that both photons are from node B caused by double excitations. To have a high heralding fidelity, the proportion of the first term should be as high as possible, i.e., the following requirement should be fulfilled:Embedded Image

In our experiment Graphic is satisfied (Graphic). To fulfill the first half inequality of Eq. 4, we reduce the excitation probability of ensemble A to Graphic. Under this condition, we remeasure the teleported states for the six inputs and obtain an average postselected fidelity of Graphic. This fidelity is slightly lower than the high excitation case (Table 1) due to the relatively higher contribution of background noise, which mainly includes leakage of control laser (write, read, filter cell pumping beam, etc.), stray light, and detector dark counts. The fidelity of heralded teleportation, defined as Graphic with the heralding efficiency Graphic in which Graphic and Graphic are the joint detection probabilities of corresponding detectors conditioned on a detection event on D1, is measured to be Graphic averaged over the six different input and output states. The imperfection of this heralding fidelity is mainly limited by the high-order excitations and background excitations. High-order excitations can be inhibited by making use of the Rydberg blockade effect (40, 41). Background excitations can be suppressed by putting the atomic ensemble inside an optical cavity so that the emission of scattered photons is enhanced only in predefined directions (29). These methods can in principle boost the heralding efficiency without lowering the excitation probability of ensemble A.

In summary, we have experimentally demonstrated heralded, high-fidelity quantum teleportation between two atomic ensembles linked by a 150-m-long optical fiber using narrow-band single photons as quantum messengers. From a fundamental point of view (42), this is interesting as a teleportation between two macroscopic-sized objects (18) at a distance of macroscopic scale. From a practical perspective, the combined techniques demonstrated here, including the heralded state preparation with feedback control, coherent mapping between matter and light, and quantum state teleportation, may provide a useful tool kit for quantum information transfer among different nodes in a quantum network (7⇓–9). Moreover, these techniques could also be useful in the scheme for measurement-based quantum computing with atomic ensemble (39), e.g., to construct and connect atomic cluster states. Compared with the previous implementation with trapped ions (27), for each input state, our experiment features a much higher (4 orders of magnitude) success probability. This is an advantage of the atomic ensembles where the collective enhancement enables efficient conversion of atomic qubits to photons in specific modes, avoiding the low efficiencies associated with the free space emission into the full solid angle in case of single ions (27). Methods for further increasing the success probability include using a low-finesse optical cavity to improve the spin wave-to-photon conversion efficiency (29) (higher Graphic), and using the measurement-based scheme and another assisted ensemble to create the auxiliary photon–spin wave entanglement near deterministically (higher Graphic) (15, 16). In the present experiment, the storage lifetime (∼129 μs) of the prepared spin wave states in the quantum memories slightly exceeds the average time required (∼97.5 μs) to create a pair of assistant remote entanglement for teleportation. The storage lifetime in the atomic ensembles can be increased up to 100 ms by making use of optical lattices to confine atomic motion (17). With these improvements, we could envision quantum teleportation experiments among multiple atomic-ensemble nodes in the future.

Methods

Our experiment is operated with a repetition rate of 71.4 Hz. Within each cycle, the starting 11 ms is used to capture the atoms and cool them to ∼100 μK. The following 3-ms duration is used for the teleportation experiment, during which the trapping beams and the magnetic quadrupole field are switched off. Optical pumping to the Zeeman sublevel of Graphic is applied for ensemble A to increase the storage lifetime. Each write trial for ensemble A and B lasts for 3.38 μs and 975 ns, respectively. The probability to create a pair of photon–spin wave entanglement in node B within each write trial is about 0.01; thus, the average time required to create a pair of assistant entanglement for teleportation is about 97.5 μs. The write/read control pulses have a time duration of 50 ns, a beam waist of ∼240 μm. The write/read beams for both ensembles are on resonance with the corresponding transitions shown in Fig. 1. The polarization for the write (read) beams is vertical (horizontal), that is, perpendicular (in parallel) to the drawing plane in Fig. 1. The Rabi frequency for the write and read beams is 1.7 and 14.6 MHz, respectively. The detection beam waist for the write-out and read-out single photons is ∼100 μm. The intersection angle between the write beam and the write-out photon mode for ensemble A(B) is 0.5°(3°). All of the control pulse sequences are generated from a FPGA logic box. The output from single-photon detectors (D1 to D4) are either registered with a multichannel time analyzer during the setup optimization, or with the logic box during data measurement for the teleportation process.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Fundamental Research Program of China Grant 2011CB921300, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Youth Qianren Program, the European Commission through a European Research Council (ERC) Grant, and the Specific Targeted Research Projects (STREP) project Hybrid Information Processing (HIP).

Footnotes

  • ↵1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: cylu{at}ustc.edu.cn or pan{at}ustc.edu.cn.
  • Author contributions: X.-H.B. and J.-W.P. designed research; X.-H.B., X.-F.X., C.-M.L., and Z.-S.Y. performed research; X.-H.B., X.-F.X., C.-Y.L., and J.-W.P. analyzed data; X.-H.B., C.-Y.L., and J.-W.P. wrote the paper; and J.-W.P supervised the whole project.

  • The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  • This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.

  • See Commentary on page 20169.

References

  1. ↵
    1. Gisin N,
    2. Ribordy G,
    3. Tittel W,
    4. Zbinden H
    (2002) Quantum cryptography. Rev Mod Phys 74(1):145–195.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  2. ↵
    1. Yuan Z-S,
    2. et al.
    (2010) Entangled photons and quantum communication. Phys Rep 497(1):1–40.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  3. ↵
    1. Stucki D,
    2. et al.
    (2009) High rate, long-distance quantum key distribution over 250 km of ultra low loss fibres. New J Phys 11(7):075003.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  4. ↵
    1. Liu Y,
    2. et al.
    (2010) Decoy-state quantum key distribution with polarized photons over 200 km. Opt Express 18(8):8587–8594.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. ↵
    1. Briegel HJ,
    2. Dur W,
    3. Cirac JI,
    4. Zoller P
    (1998) Quantum repeaters: The role of imperfect local operations in quantum communication. Phys Rev Lett 81(26):5932–5935.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  6. ↵
    1. Duan L-M,
    2. Lukin MD,
    3. Cirac JI,
    4. Zoller P
    (2001) Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics. Nature 414(6862):413–418.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. Kimble HJ
    (2008) The quantum internet. Nature 453(7198):1023–1030.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Duan L-M,
    2. Monroe C
    (2010) Colloquium: Quantum networks with trapped ions. Rev Mod Phys 82(2):1209–1224.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  9. ↵
    1. Sangouard N,
    2. Simon C,
    3. de Riedmatten H,
    4. Gisin N
    (2011) Quantum repeaters based on atomic ensembles and linear optics. Rev Mod Phys 83(1):33–80.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  10. ↵
    1. Simon C,
    2. et al.
    (2010) Quantum memories. Eur Phys J D 58(1):1–22.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  11. ↵
    1. Bennett CH,
    2. et al.
    (1993) Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels. Phys Rev Lett 70(13):1895–1899.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Kuzmich A,
    2. et al.
    (2003) Generation of nonclassical photon pairs for scalable quantum communication with atomic ensembles. Nature 423(6941):731–734.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. ↵
    1. van der Wal CH,
    2. et al.
    (2003) Atomic memory for correlated photon states. Science 301(5630):196–200.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. ↵
    1. Choi KS,
    2. Deng H,
    3. Laurat J,
    4. Kimble HJ
    (2008) Mapping photonic entanglement into and out of a quantum memory. Nature 452(7183):67–71.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  15. ↵
    1. Chou C-W,
    2. et al.
    (2007) Functional quantum nodes for entanglement distribution over scalable quantum networks. Science 316(5829):1316–1320.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. ↵
    1. Yuan Z-S,
    2. et al.
    (2008) Experimental demonstration of a BDCZ quantum repeater node. Nature 454(7208):1098–1101.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  17. ↵
    1. Radnaev AG,
    2. et al.
    (2010) A quantum memory with telecom-wavelength conversion. Nat Phys 6(11):894–899.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  18. ↵
    1. Julsgaard B,
    2. Kozhekin A,
    3. Polzik ES
    (2001) Experimental long-lived entanglement of two macroscopic objects. Nature 413(6854):400–403.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  19. ↵
    1. Chou CW,
    2. et al.
    (2005) Measurement-induced entanglement for excitation stored in remote atomic ensembles. Nature 438(7069):828–832.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. ↵
    1. Bouwmeester D,
    2. et al.
    (1997) Experimental quantum teleportation. Nature 390(6660):575–579.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  21. ↵
    1. Boschi D,
    2. Branca S,
    3. De Martini F,
    4. Hardy L,
    5. Popescu S
    (1998) Experimental realization of teleporting an unknown pure quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels. Phys Rev Lett 80(6):1121–1125.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  22. ↵
    1. Furusawa A,
    2. et al.
    (1998) Unconditional quantum teleportation. Science 282(5389):706–709.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  23. ↵
    1. Sherson JF,
    2. et al.
    (2006) Quantum teleportation between light and matter. Nature 443(7111):557–560.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    1. Chen Y-A,
    2. et al.
    (2008) Memory-built-in quantum teleportation with photonic and atomic qubits. Nat Phys 4(2):103–107.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  25. ↵
    1. Riebe M,
    2. et al.
    (2004) Deterministic quantum teleportation with atoms. Nature 429(6993):734–737.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  26. ↵
    1. Barrett MD,
    2. et al.
    (2004) Deterministic quantum teleportation of atomic qubits. Nature 429(6993):737–739.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. ↵
    1. Olmschenk S,
    2. et al.
    (2009) Quantum teleportation between distant matter qubits. Science 323(5913):486–489.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  28. ↵
    1. Fleischhauer M,
    2. Imamoglu A,
    3. Marangos JP
    (2005) Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherent media. Rev Mod Phys 77(2):633.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  29. ↵
    1. Simon J,
    2. Tanji H,
    3. Thompson JK,
    4. Vuletić V
    (2007) Interfacing collective atomic excitations and single photons. Phys Rev Lett 98(18):183601.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. ↵
    1. Bao X-H,
    2. et al.
    (2012) Efficient and long-lived quantum memory with cold atoms inside a ring cavity. Nat Phys 8(7):517–521.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  31. ↵
    1. Bennett CH,
    2. et al.
    (2001) Remote state preparation. Phys Rev Lett 87(7):077902.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. ↵
    1. Chen S,
    2. et al.
    (2007) Demonstration of a stable atom-photon entanglement source for quantum repeaters. Phys Rev Lett 99(18):180505.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  33. ↵
    1. Zhao B,
    2. et al.
    (2009) A millisecond quantum memory for scalable quantum networks. Nat Phys 5(2):95–99.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  34. ↵
    1. James DFV,
    2. Kwiat PG,
    3. Munro WJ,
    4. White AG
    (2001) Measurement of qubits. Phys Rev A 64(5):052312.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  35. ↵
    1. Pan J-W,
    2. Zeilinger A
    (1998) Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-state analyzer. Phys Rev A 57(3):2208.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  36. ↵
    1. Gilchrist A,
    2. Langford NK,
    3. Nielsen MA
    (2005) Distance measures to compare real and ideal quantum processes. Phys Rev A 71(6):062310.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  37. ↵
    1. Massar S,
    2. Popescu S
    (1995) Optimal extraction of information from finite quantum ensembles. Phys Rev Lett 74(8):1259–1263.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  38. ↵
    1. O’Brien JL,
    2. et al.
    (2004) Quantum process tomography of a controlled-NOT gate. Phys Rev Lett 93(8):080502.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  39. ↵
    1. Barrett SD,
    2. Rohde PP,
    3. Stace TM
    (2010) Scalable quantum computing with atomic ensembles. New J Phys 12:093032.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  40. ↵
    1. Han Y,
    2. He B,
    3. Heshami K,
    4. Li C-Z,
    5. Simon C
    (2010) Quantum repeaters based on Rydberg-blockade-coupled atomic ensembles. Phys Rev A 81(5):052311.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  41. ↵
    1. Zhao B,
    2. Muller M,
    3. Hammerer K,
    4. Zoller P
    (2010) Efficient quantum repeater based on deterministic Rydberg gates. Phys Rev A 81(5):052329.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  42. ↵
    1. Zeilinger A
    (2003) Quantum teleportation. Sci Am (Special Edition): The Edge of Physics 13(1):34–43.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top
Article Alerts
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PNAS.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Quantum teleportation between remote atomic-ensemble quantum memories
(Your Name) has sent you a message from PNAS
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the PNAS web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Teleportation between remote atomic ensembles
Xiao-Hui Bao, Xiao-Fan Xu, Che-Ming Li, Zhen-Sheng Yuan, Chao-Yang Lu, Jian-Wei Pan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Dec 2012, 109 (50) 20347-20351; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207329109

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Request Permissions
Share
Teleportation between remote atomic ensembles
Xiao-Hui Bao, Xiao-Fan Xu, Che-Ming Li, Zhen-Sheng Yuan, Chao-Yang Lu, Jian-Wei Pan
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Dec 2012, 109 (50) 20347-20351; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207329109
Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Mendeley logo Mendeley
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 109 (50)
Table of Contents

Submit

Sign up for Article Alerts

Article Classifications

  • Physical Sciences
  • Physics

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Methods
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & SI
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

You May Also be Interested in

Surgeons hands during surgery
Inner Workings: Advances in infectious disease treatment promise to expand the pool of donor organs
Despite myriad challenges, clinicians see room for progress.
Image credit: Shutterstock/David Tadevosian.
Setting sun over a sun-baked dirt landscape
Core Concept: Popular integrated assessment climate policy models have key caveats
Better explicating the strengths and shortcomings of these models will help refine projections and improve transparency in the years ahead.
Image credit: Witsawat.S.
Double helix
Journal Club: Noncoding DNA shown to underlie function, cause limb malformations
Using CRISPR, researchers showed that a region some used to label “junk DNA” has a major role in a rare genetic disorder.
Image credit: Nathan Devery.
Steamboat Geyser eruption.
Eruption of Steamboat Geyser
Mara Reed and Michael Manga explore why Yellowstone's Steamboat Geyser resumed erupting in 2018.
Listen
Past PodcastsSubscribe
Multi-color molecular model
Enzymatic breakdown of PET plastic
A study demonstrates how two enzymes—MHETase and PETase—work synergistically to depolymerize the plastic pollutant PET.
Image credit: Aaron McGeehan (artist).

Similar Articles

Site Logo
Powered by HighWire
  • Submit Manuscript
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • RSS Feeds
  • Email Alerts

Articles

  • Current Issue
  • Special Feature Articles – Most Recent
  • List of Issues

PNAS Portals

  • Anthropology
  • Chemistry
  • Classics
  • Front Matter
  • Physics
  • Sustainability Science
  • Teaching Resources

Information

  • Authors
  • Editorial Board
  • Reviewers
  • Librarians
  • Press
  • Site Map
  • PNAS Updates

Feedback    Privacy/Legal

Copyright © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. Online ISSN 1091-6490