New Research In
Physical Sciences
Social Sciences
Featured Portals
Articles by Topic
Biological Sciences
Featured Portals
Articles by Topic
- Agricultural Sciences
- Anthropology
- Applied Biological Sciences
- Biochemistry
- Biophysics and Computational Biology
- Cell Biology
- Developmental Biology
- Ecology
- Environmental Sciences
- Evolution
- Genetics
- Immunology and Inflammation
- Medical Sciences
- Microbiology
- Neuroscience
- Pharmacology
- Physiology
- Plant Biology
- Population Biology
- Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
- Sustainability Science
- Systems Biology
Correlations between cannabis use and IQ change in the Dunedin cohort are consistent with confounding from socioeconomic status
Edited by Leslie Lars Iversen, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, and approved December 7, 2012 (received for review September 8, 2012)

Online Impact
Article Information
- Published in issue March 12, 2013.
- Published first January 14, 2013.
Article Versions
- Previous version (January 14, 2013 - 12:10).
- You are viewing the most recent version of this article.
Author Information
- Ole Rogeberg1
Edited by Leslie Lars Iversen, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, and approved December 7, 2012 (received for review September 8, 2012)
Footnotes
- ↵1E-mail: ole.rogeberg{at}frisch.uio.no.
Author contributions: O.R. designed research, performed research, contributed new reagents/analytic tools, analyzed data, and wrote the paper.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1215678110/-/DCSupplemental.
Cited By...
This article has been cited by the following articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.
- Dan L. Longo, Daniel Friedman, Orrin DevinskyNew England Journal of Medicine 2015 373 11
- Richie Poulton, Terrie E. Moffitt, Phil A. SilvaSocial Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2015 50 5
- Dan I. Lubman, Ali Cheetham, Murat YücelPharmacology & Therapeutics 2015 148
- J. Cobb Scott, Samantha T. Slomiak, Jason D. Jones, Adon F. G. Rosen, Tyler M. Moore, Ruben C. GurJAMA Psychiatry 2018 75 6
- Nicholas J. Jackson, Joshua D. Isen, Rubin Khoddam, Daniel Irons, Catherine Tuvblad, William G. Iacono, Matt McGue, Adrian Raine, Laura A. BakerProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2016 113 5
- Amir Levine, Kelly Clemenza, Moira Rynn, Jeffrey LiebermanJournal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2017 56 3
- Christian HopferSubstance Abuse 2014 35 4
- Adán de Salas-Quiroga, Javier Díaz-Alonso, Daniel García-Rincón, Floortje Remmers, David Vega, María Gómez-Cañas, Beat Lutz, Manuel Guzmán, Ismael Galve-RoperhProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2015 112 44
- Bjorn Jensen, Jeffrey Chen, Tim Furnish, Mark WallaceCurrent Pain and Headache Reports 2015 19 10
- C Mokrysz, R Landy, SH Gage, MR Munafò, JP Roiser, HV CurranJournal of Psychopharmacology 2016 30 2
- Madeline H. Meier, Melanie L. Hill, Phillip J. Small, Suniya S. LutharDrug and Alcohol Dependence 2015 156
- Lisa Stolzenberg, Stewart J. D’Alessio, Dustin DarianoInternational Journal of Drug Policy 2016 27
- Benjamin Elsner, Ingo E. IsphordingJournal of Labor Economics 2017 35 3
- Erin K Kirschmann, Michael W Pollock, Vidhya Nagarajan, Mary M TorregrossaNeuropsychopharmacology 2017 42 5
- Jennifer L. Maggs, Jeremy Staff, Deborah D. Kloska, Megan E. Patrick, Patrick M. O'Malley, John SchulenbergJournal of Adolescent Health 2015 57 2
- Wayne HallInternational Journal of Drug Policy 2017 42
- Mehrnaz Ghasemiesfe, Divya Ravi, Marzieh Vali, Deborah Korenstein, Mehrdad Arjomandi, James Frank, Peter C. Austin, Salomeh KeyhaniAnnals of Internal Medicine 2018 169 2
- Claire Gorey, Lauren Kuhns, Eleni Smaragdi, Emese Kroon, Janna CousijnEuropean Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2019 269 1
- Does Cannabis Use Cause Declines in Neuropsychological Functioning? A Review of Longitudinal StudiesRaul Gonzalez, Ileana Pacheco-Colón, Jacqueline C. Duperrouzel, Samuel W. HawesJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2017 23 9-10
- Terrie E. Moffitt, Madeline H. Meier, Avshalom Caspi, Richie PoultonProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2013 110 11
- Kristoffer Romero, Bennis Pavisian, William R. Staines, Anthony FeinsteinNeuroImage: Clinical 2015 8
- Anna‐Karin Danielsson, Daniel Falkstedt, Tomas Hemmingsson, Peter Allebeck, Emilie AgardhAddiction 2015 110 11
- Lauren C. Kruse, Jessica K. Cao, Katie Viray, Nephi Stella, Jeremy J. ClarkNeuropsychopharmacology 2019 44 8
- Emese Kroon, Lauren Kuhns, Eva Hoch, Janna CousijnAddiction 2020 115 3
- Brian D. Power, Milan Dragovic, Johanna C. Badcock, Vera A. Morgan, David Castle, Assen Jablensky, Nikos C. StefanisSchizophrenia Research 2015 168 1-2
- Simon Jonathan FlacksInternational Journal of Drug Policy 2018 51
- Cashen M. Boccio, Kevin M. BeaverDrug and Alcohol Dependence 2017 177
- Stephanie Lake, Thomas KerrInternational Journal of Health Policy and Management 2016 6 5
- T. SchnellDer Nervenarzt 2014 85 9
- Stephanie Lake, Thomas Kerr, Julio MontanerCanadian Journal of Public Health 2015 106 5
- J. Megan Ross, Jarrod M. Ellingson, Soo Hyun Rhee, John K. Hewitt, Robin P. Corley, Jeffrey M. Lessem, Naomi P. FriedmanDrug and Alcohol Dependence 2020 206
- Ole RogebergProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2013 110 11
- Valentina Lorenzetti, Eva Hoch, Wayne HallEuropean Neuropsychopharmacology 2020 36
- Richie Poulton, Kirsten Robertson, Joseph Boden, John Horwood, Reremoana Theodore, Tuari Potiki, Antony AmblerJournal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 2020 50 2
- Lucas M. Bryant, Kelly E. Daniels, David M. Cognetti, Patrick Tassone, Adam J. Luginbuhl, Joseph M. CurryLaryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology 2018 3 3
- Ken C. Winters, James P. WhelanJournal of Gambling Studies 2020 36 1
- Kirsten J. Braatveit, Torbjørn Torsheim, Oddbjørn HoveEuropean Addiction Research 2018 24 1
- Laurence Jobidon, Didier Jutras-AswadDrogues, santé et société 2018 16 1
- Laura Ferraro, Caterina La Cascia, Diego Quattrone, Lucia Sideli, Domenica Matranga, Veronica Capuccio, Giada Tripoli, Charlotte Gayer-Anderson, Craig Morgan, Musa B Sami, Pak Sham, Lieuwe de Haan, Eva Velthorst, Hannah E Jongsma, James B Kirkbride, Bart P F Rutten, Alexander L Richards, Laura Roldan, Celso Arango, Miquel Bernardo, Julio Bobes, Julio Sanjuan, Jose Luis Santos, Manuel Arrojo, Ilaria Tarricone, Andrea Tortelli, Andrei Szöke, Cristina Marta Del-Ben, Jean-Paul Selten, Michael Lynskey, Peter B Jones, Jim Van Os, Daniele La Barbera, Silvia Amoretti, Grégoire Baudin, Stephanie Beards, Domenico Berardi, Chiara Bonetto, Bibiana Cabrera, Angel Carracedo, Thomas Charpeaud, Javier Costas, Doriana Cristofalo, Pedro Cuadrado, Aziz Ferchiou, Nathalie Franke, Flora Frijda, Enrique García Bernardo, Paz Garcia-Portilla, Javier González Peñas, Emiliano González, Kathryn Hubbard, Stéphane Jamain, Estela Jiménez-López, Antonio Lasalvia, Marion Leboyer, Gonzalo López Montoya, Esther Lorente-Rovira, Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja, Camila Marcelino Loureiro, Giovanna Marrazzo, Covadonga Martínez, Mario Matteis, Elles Messchaart, Ma Dolores Moltó, Carmen Moreno, Nacher Juan, Ma Soledad Olmeda, Mara Parellada, Baptiste Pignon, Marta Rapado, Jean-Romain Richard, José Juan Rodríguez Solano, Paulo Rossi Menezes, Mirella Ruggeri, Pilar A Sáiz, Teresa Sánchez-Gutierrez, Emilio Sánchez, Crocettarachele Sartorio, Franck Schürhoff, Fabio Seminerio, Rosana Shuhama, Simona A Stilo, Fabian Termorshuizen, Sarah Tosato, Anne-Marie Tronche, Daniella van Dam, Elsje van der Ven, Robin M Murray, Marta Di FortiSchizophrenia Bulletin 2020 46 3
- Bohdan Nosyk, Evan Wood, Thomas KerrAddiction 2015 110 5
- Tibor Harkany, Yasmin L Hurd, Erik KeimpemaFuture Neurology 2015 10 2
- Jarrod M. Ellingson, J. Megan Ross, Evan Winiger, Michael C. Stallings, Robin P. Corley, Naomi P. Friedman, John K. Hewitt, Susan F. Tapert, Sandra A. Brown, Tamara L. Wall, Christian J. HopferAddiction 2020
- Carlos Herruzo, María J. Pino, Valentina Lucena, Javier HerruzoInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019 17 1
- Jia Sun, Ya-Qun Zhou, Shu-Ping Chen, Xiao-mei Wang, Bing-Yang Xu, Dan-Yang Li, Yu-Ke Tian, Da-Wei YeBiomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2019 120
- Wayne Hall, Robert West, John Marsden, Keith Humphreys, JO Neale, Nancy PetryAddiction 2018 113 8
- Rodrigo Goycolea, Juan C. Castro-Alonso, Anneliese DörrEducational Psychology Review 2020
Article usage
Citation Manager Formats
Sign up for Article Alerts
Article Classifications
- Social Sciences
- Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
Jump to section
- Article
- Abstract
- Meier et al., 2012: Study Design and Methodological Issues
- Who Are the Adolescent-Onset Cannabis Users?
- What Are Counterfactual IQ-Trajectories for Those at Risk for High Cannabis Exposure?
- Indications of SES Confounding in the Meier et al. Study
- Comparing and Contrasting the Causal and Confounding Model
- Conclusion
- Methods
- Acknowledgments
- Footnotes
- References
- Figures & SI
- Info & Metrics