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Edited by Jitender P. Dubey, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, and approved September 10, 2013 (received for review June 10, 2013)
Article Figures & SI
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Bat sampling areas in West Africa. Bats were captured during the dry season between November and December 2006 in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, in December 2008 in the Forêt Classée de Pic de Fon in the Simandou range of Guinea, and between November and December 2010 in the Putu range in southeastern Liberia.
- Fig. 2.
Haemosporida from West African bats separate into four distinct genera. (A) Three-genome phylogeny of the hemosporidian parasites of the bats of this study, including published sequences for context, obtained by ML. Phylogeny was constructed with partitioned analysis of mitochondrial (cytb, cox1), apicoplast (clpc), and nuclear (ef2a) genes, rooted with Leucocytozoon taxa. ML bootstrap values (100 replicates) and Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated above and below nodes, respectively. Recent divergences with high nodal support are indicated by black dots. Genera of bat malaria parasites are labeled to the right. Hemosporidian parasites from this study are highlighted in bold type. (B) ML phylogeny of bat and rodent Plasmodium species obtained via analysis of four genes as in A, plus nine additional nuclear genes (actin-1, actin-2, adenylosuccinate lyase, cysteine proteinase, dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase, histone H2A, inosine monophosphate-dehydrogenase, ookinete surface protein P25, and polyubiquitin), with three primate taxa included as outgroups.
- Fig. 3.
Hemosporidian parasites and their host species. Shown are captured bats and representative micrographs of Giemsa-stained thin blood films of their respective hemosporidian parasite blood stages (r, ring stage; s, schizont; g, gametocyte). (A) P. cyclopsi and P. voltaicum blood stages isolated from H. cyclops and M. angolensis, respectively. (B) Polychromophilus gametocytes isolated from miniopterid and vespertilionid bats. (C) Nycteria gametocytes isolated from two rhinolophid bats. (D) Hepatocystis blood stages isolated from six pteropodid bats. Shown are two (Micropteropus pusillus, Myonycteris leptodon) of six host species and different blood stages of their parasites. Micrographs were taken at 1,000× magnification.
Tables
Bat suborder Bat family Species* Parasite genus Yinpterochiroptera Pteropodidae Myonycteris angolensis† (3/3) Plasmodium Epomophorus gambianus (1/1), Epomops buettikoferi (7/25), Hypsignathus monstrosus (5/10), Micropteropus pusillus (68/72), Myonycteris leptodon‡ (11/63), Nanonycteris veldkampii (6/8) Hepatocystis Eidolon helvum (0/2), Megaloglossus azagnyi§ (0/12), Rousettus aegyptiacus (0/6), Scotonycteris ophiodon (0/5), Scotonycteris zenkeri (0/5) Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus alcyone (1/1), Rhinolophus landeri (1/2) Nycteria Rhinolophus guineensis (0/5) Hipposideridae Hipposideros cyclops (3/4) Plasmodium Hipposideros jonesi (0/2), Hipposideros cf ruber (0/10) Yangochiroptera Miniopteridae Miniopterus villiersi (3/12) Polychromophilus Vespertilionidae Neoromicia capensis (1/3), Pipistrellus aff. grandidieri¶ (1/3) Polychromophilus Neoromicia guineensis (0/1), Pipistrellus bellieri (0/3), Pipistrellus nanulus (0/2) Molossidae Chaerephon nigeriae (0/1), Mops condylurus (0/1), Mops leonis (0/2), Mops thersites (0/7), Otomops martiensseni (0/1) Nycteridae Nycteris arge (0/1), Nycteris hispida (0/1) ↵* Infected species are highlighted in bold and numbers of infected per captured individuals are shown in brackets.
↵Bat species synonyms: †Rousettus smithi/ Lissonycteris angolensis, ‡Myonycteris torquata, §Megaloglossus woermanni.
↵¶ The West African Pipistrellus aff. grandidieri might represent a yet undescribed species.
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