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The evolution of self-control
Edited by Jon H. Kaas, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, and approved March 21, 2014 (received for review December 30, 2013)

Online Impact
Article Information
- Published in issue May 20, 2014.
- Published first April 21, 2014.
Author Information
- Evan L. MacLeana,1,
- Brian Harea,b,
- Charles L. Nunna,
- Elsa Addessic,
- Federica Amicid,
- Rindy C. Andersone,
- Filippo Aurelif,g,
- Joseph M. Bakerh,i,
- Amanda E. Baniaj,
- Allison M. Barnardk,
- Neeltje J. Boogertl,
- Elizabeth M. Brannonb,m,
- Emily E. Brayn,
- Joel Braya,
- Lauren J. N. Brentb,o,
- Judith M. Burkartp,
- Josep Calld,
- Jessica F. Cantlonk,
- Lucy G. Chekeq,
- Nicola S. Claytonq,
- Mikel M. Delgador,
- Louis J. DiVincentis,
- Kazuo Fujitat,
- Esther Herrmannd,
- Chihiro Hiramatsut,
- Lucia F. Jacobsr,u,
- Kerry E. Jordanv,
- Jennifer R. Laudew,
- Kristin L. Leimgruberx,
- Emily J. E. Messerl,
- Antonio C. de A. Mouray,
- Ljerka Ostojićq,
- Alejandra Picardz,
- Michael L. Platta,b,o,aa,
- Joshua M. Plotnikq,bb,
- Friederike Rangecc,dd,
- Simon M. Readeree,
- Rachna B. Reddyff,
- Aaron A. Sandelff,
- Laurie R. Santosx,
- Katrin Schumannd,
- Amanda M. Seedl,
- Kendra B. Sewalle,
- Rachael C. Shawq,
- Katie E. Slocombez,
- Yanjie Sugg,
- Ayaka Takimotot,
- Jingzhi Tana,
- Ruoting Taol,
- Carel P. van Schaikp,
- Zsófia Virányicc,
- Elisabetta Visalberghic,
- Jordan C. Wadew,
- Arii Watanabeq,
- Jane Widnessx,
- Julie K. Younghh,
- Thomas R. Zentallw, and
- Yini Zhaogg
- Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
- aaNeurobiology, and
- mPsychology and Neuroscience, and
- bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
- oDuke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
- cIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy;
- dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- eDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27704;
- fInstituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, CP 91190, Mexico;
- gResearch Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom;
- hCenter for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research and
- iDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- jCenter for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008;
- kDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Science and
- sDepartment of Comparative Medicine, Seneca Park Zoo, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620;
- lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
- nDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- pAnthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
- rDepartment of Psychology and
- uHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- tGraduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
- Departments of vPsychology and
- hhWildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322;
- wDepartment of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506;
- xDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
- yDepartamento Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil;
- zDepartment of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;
- bbThink Elephants International, Stone Ridge, NY 12484;
- ccMesserli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- ddWolf Science Center, A-2115 Ernstbrunn, Austria;
- eeDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;
- ffDepartment of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
- ggDepartment of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Edited by Jon H. Kaas, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, and approved March 21, 2014 (received for review December 30, 2013)
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: maclean{at}duke.edu.
Author contributions: E.L.M., B.H., and C.L.N. designed research; E.L.M., B.H., E.A., F. Amici, R.C.A., F. Aureli, J. M. Baker, A.E.B., A.M.B., N.J.B., E.M.B., E.E.B., J.B., L.J.N.B., J. M. Burkart, J.C., J.F.C., L.G.C., N.S.C., M.M.D., L.J.D., K.F., E.H., C.H., L.F.J., K.E.J., J.R.L., K.L.L., E.J.E.M., A.C.d.A.M., L.O., A.P., M.L.P., J.M.P., F.R., S.M.R., R.B.R., A.A.S., L.R.S., K.S., A.M.S., K.B.S., R.C.S., K.E.S., Y.S., A.T., J.T., R.T., C.P.v.S., Z.V., E.V., J.C.W., A.W., J.W., J.K.Y., T.R.Z., and Y.Z. performed research; E.L.M. and C.L.N. analyzed data; and E.L.M., B.H., and C.L.N. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1323533111/-/DCSupplemental.
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