Atmospheric methane levels increased over geological formations in Northern Siberia following a heat wave in 2020, suggesting that permafrost thaw releases methane from reservoirs.
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons.
Research Article
The evolution of self-control
Evan L. MacLean, Brian Hare, Charles L. Nunn, Elsa Addessi, Federica Amici, Rindy C. Anderson, Filippo Aureli, Joseph M. Baker, Amanda E. Bania, Allison M. Barnard, Neeltje J. Boogert, Elizabeth M. Brannon, Emily E. Bray, Joel Bray, Lauren J. N. Brent, Judith M. Burkart, Josep Call, Jessica F. Cantlon, Lucy G. Cheke, Nicola S. Clayton, Mikel M. Delgado, Louis J. DiVincenti, Kazuo Fujita, Esther Herrmann, Chihiro Hiramatsu, View ORCID ProfileLucia F. Jacobs, Kerry E. Jordan, Jennifer R. Laude, Kristin L. Leimgruber, Emily J. E. Messer, Antonio C. de A. Moura, Ljerka Ostojić, Alejandra Picard, Michael L. Platt, Joshua M. Plotnik, Friederike Range, Simon M. Reader, Rachna B. Reddy, Aaron A. Sandel, Laurie R. Santos, Katrin Schumann, Amanda M. Seed, Kendra B. Sewall, Rachael C. Shaw, Katie E. Slocombe, Yanjie Su, Ayaka Takimoto, Jingzhi Tan, Ruoting Tao, Carel P. van Schaik, Zsófia Virányi, Elisabetta Visalberghi, Jordan C. Wade, Arii Watanabe, Jane Widness, Julie K. Young, Thomas R. Zentall, and Yini Zhao
- Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
- aaNeurobiology, and
- mPsychology and Neuroscience, and
- bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
- oDuke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
- cIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy;
- dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- eDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27704;
- fInstituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, CP 91190, Mexico;
- gResearch Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom;
- hCenter for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research and
- iDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- jCenter for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008;
- kDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Science and
- sDepartment of Comparative Medicine, Seneca Park Zoo, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620;
- lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
- nDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- pAnthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
- rDepartment of Psychology and
- uHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- tGraduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
- Departments of vPsychology and
- hhWildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322;
- wDepartment of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506;
- xDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
- yDepartamento Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil;
- zDepartment of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;
- bbThink Elephants International, Stone Ridge, NY 12484;
- ccMesserli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- ddWolf Science Center, A-2115 Ernstbrunn, Austria;
- eeDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;
- ffDepartment of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
- ggDepartment of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
See allHide authors and affiliations
PNAS May 20, 2014 111 (20) E2140-E2148; first published April 21, 2014; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323533111
Evan L. MacLean
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
Brian Hare
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
Charles L. Nunn
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
Elsa Addessi
cIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy;
Federica Amici
dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
Rindy C. Anderson
eDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27704;
Filippo Aureli
fInstituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, CP 91190, Mexico;
gResearch Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom;
Joseph M. Baker
hCenter for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research and
iDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
Amanda E. Bania
jCenter for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008;
Allison M. Barnard
kDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Science and
Neeltje J. Boogert
lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
Elizabeth M. Brannon
bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
mPsychology and Neuroscience, and
Emily E. Bray
nDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
Joel Bray
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
Lauren J. N. Brent
bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
oDuke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
Judith M. Burkart
pAnthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
Josep Call
dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
Jessica F. Cantlon
kDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Science and
Lucy G. Cheke
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
Nicola S. Clayton
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
Mikel M. Delgado
rDepartment of Psychology and
Louis J. DiVincenti
sDepartment of Comparative Medicine, Seneca Park Zoo, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620;
Kazuo Fujita
tGraduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
Esther Herrmann
dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
Chihiro Hiramatsu
tGraduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
Lucia F. Jacobs
rDepartment of Psychology and
uHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
Kerry E. Jordan
Departments of vPsychology and
Jennifer R. Laude
wDepartment of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506;
Kristin L. Leimgruber
xDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
Emily J. E. Messer
lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
Antonio C. de A. Moura
yDepartamento Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil;
Ljerka Ostojić
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
Alejandra Picard
zDepartment of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;
Michael L. Platt
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
oDuke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
aaNeurobiology, and
Joshua M. Plotnik
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
bbThink Elephants International, Stone Ridge, NY 12484;
Friederike Range
ccMesserli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
ddWolf Science Center, A-2115 Ernstbrunn, Austria;
Simon M. Reader
eeDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;
Rachna B. Reddy
ffDepartment of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
Aaron A. Sandel
ffDepartment of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
Laurie R. Santos
xDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
Katrin Schumann
dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
Amanda M. Seed
lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
Kendra B. Sewall
eDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27704;
Rachael C. Shaw
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
Katie E. Slocombe
zDepartment of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;
Yanjie Su
ggDepartment of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Ayaka Takimoto
tGraduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
Jingzhi Tan
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
Ruoting Tao
lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
Carel P. van Schaik
pAnthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
Zsófia Virányi
ccMesserli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
Elisabetta Visalberghi
cIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy;
Jordan C. Wade
wDepartment of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506;
Arii Watanabe
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
Jane Widness
xDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
Julie K. Young
hhWildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322;
Thomas R. Zentall
wDepartment of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506;
Yini Zhao
ggDepartment of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Edited by Jon H. Kaas, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, and approved March 21, 2014 (received for review December 30, 2013)
Online Impact
Article Information
vol. 111 no. 20 E2140-E2148
PubMed:
Published By:
Print ISSN:
Online ISSN:
History:
- Published in issue May 20, 2014.
- Published first April 21, 2014.
Author Information
- Evan L. MacLeana,1,
- Brian Harea,b,
- Charles L. Nunna,
- Elsa Addessic,
- Federica Amicid,
- Rindy C. Andersone,
- Filippo Aurelif,g,
- Joseph M. Bakerh,i,
- Amanda E. Baniaj,
- Allison M. Barnardk,
- Neeltje J. Boogertl,
- Elizabeth M. Brannonb,m,
- Emily E. Brayn,
- Joel Braya,
- Lauren J. N. Brentb,o,
- Judith M. Burkartp,
- Josep Calld,
- Jessica F. Cantlonk,
- Lucy G. Chekeq,
- Nicola S. Claytonq,
- Mikel M. Delgador,
- Louis J. DiVincentis,
- Kazuo Fujitat,
- Esther Herrmannd,
- Chihiro Hiramatsut,
- Lucia F. Jacobsr,u,
- Kerry E. Jordanv,
- Jennifer R. Laudew,
- Kristin L. Leimgruberx,
- Emily J. E. Messerl,
- Antonio C. de A. Mouray,
- Ljerka Ostojićq,
- Alejandra Picardz,
- Michael L. Platta,b,o,aa,
- Joshua M. Plotnikq,bb,
- Friederike Rangecc,dd,
- Simon M. Readeree,
- Rachna B. Reddyff,
- Aaron A. Sandelff,
- Laurie R. Santosx,
- Katrin Schumannd,
- Amanda M. Seedl,
- Kendra B. Sewalle,
- Rachael C. Shawq,
- Katie E. Slocombez,
- Yanjie Sugg,
- Ayaka Takimotot,
- Jingzhi Tana,
- Ruoting Taol,
- Carel P. van Schaikp,
- Zsófia Virányicc,
- Elisabetta Visalberghic,
- Jordan C. Wadew,
- Arii Watanabeq,
- Jane Widnessx,
- Julie K. Younghh,
- Thomas R. Zentallw, and
- Yini Zhaogg
- Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
- aaNeurobiology, and
- mPsychology and Neuroscience, and
- bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
- oDuke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
- cIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy;
- dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- eDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27704;
- fInstituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, CP 91190, Mexico;
- gResearch Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom;
- hCenter for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research and
- iDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- jCenter for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008;
- kDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Science and
- sDepartment of Comparative Medicine, Seneca Park Zoo, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620;
- lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
- nDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- pAnthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
- rDepartment of Psychology and
- uHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- tGraduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
- Departments of vPsychology and
- hhWildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322;
- wDepartment of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506;
- xDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
- yDepartamento Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil;
- zDepartment of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;
- bbThink Elephants International, Stone Ridge, NY 12484;
- ccMesserli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- ddWolf Science Center, A-2115 Ernstbrunn, Austria;
- eeDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;
- ffDepartment of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
- ggDepartment of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Edited by Jon H. Kaas, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, and approved March 21, 2014 (received for review December 30, 2013)
Footnotes
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: maclean{at}duke.edu.
Author contributions: E.L.M., B.H., and C.L.N. designed research; E.L.M., B.H., E.A., F. Amici, R.C.A., F. Aureli, J. M. Baker, A.E.B., A.M.B., N.J.B., E.M.B., E.E.B., J.B., L.J.N.B., J. M. Burkart, J.C., J.F.C., L.G.C., N.S.C., M.M.D., L.J.D., K.F., E.H., C.H., L.F.J., K.E.J., J.R.L., K.L.L., E.J.E.M., A.C.d.A.M., L.O., A.P., M.L.P., J.M.P., F.R., S.M.R., R.B.R., A.A.S., L.R.S., K.S., A.M.S., K.B.S., R.C.S., K.E.S., Y.S., A.T., J.T., R.T., C.P.v.S., Z.V., E.V., J.C.W., A.W., J.W., J.K.Y., T.R.Z., and Y.Z. performed research; E.L.M. and C.L.N. analyzed data; and E.L.M., B.H., and C.L.N. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1323533111/-/DCSupplemental.
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The evolution of self-control
Evan L. MacLean, Brian Hare, Charles L. Nunn, Elsa Addessi, Federica Amici, Rindy C. Anderson, Filippo Aureli, Joseph M. Baker, Amanda E. Bania, Allison M. Barnard, Neeltje J. Boogert, Elizabeth M. Brannon, Emily E. Bray, Joel Bray, Lauren J. N. Brent, Judith M. Burkart, Josep Call, Jessica F. Cantlon, Lucy G. Cheke, Nicola S. Clayton, Mikel M. Delgado, Louis J. DiVincenti, Kazuo Fujita, Esther Herrmann, Chihiro Hiramatsu, Lucia F. Jacobs, Kerry E. Jordan, Jennifer R. Laude, Kristin L. Leimgruber, Emily J. E. Messer, Antonio C. de A. Moura, Ljerka Ostojić, Alejandra Picard, Michael L. Platt, Joshua M. Plotnik, Friederike Range, Simon M. Reader, Rachna B. Reddy, Aaron A. Sandel, Laurie R. Santos, Katrin Schumann, Amanda M. Seed, Kendra B. Sewall, Rachael C. Shaw, Katie E. Slocombe, Yanjie Su, Ayaka Takimoto, Jingzhi Tan, Ruoting Tao, Carel P. van Schaik, Zsófia Virányi, Elisabetta Visalberghi, Jordan C. Wade, Arii Watanabe, Jane Widness, Julie K. Young, Thomas R. Zentall, Yini Zhao
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences May 2014, 111 (20) E2140-E2148; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323533111
Citation Manager Formats
The evolution of self-control
Evan L. MacLean, Brian Hare, Charles L. Nunn, Elsa Addessi, Federica Amici, Rindy C. Anderson, Filippo Aureli, Joseph M. Baker, Amanda E. Bania, Allison M. Barnard, Neeltje J. Boogert, Elizabeth M. Brannon, Emily E. Bray, Joel Bray, Lauren J. N. Brent, Judith M. Burkart, Josep Call, Jessica F. Cantlon, Lucy G. Cheke, Nicola S. Clayton, Mikel M. Delgado, Louis J. DiVincenti, Kazuo Fujita, Esther Herrmann, Chihiro Hiramatsu, Lucia F. Jacobs, Kerry E. Jordan, Jennifer R. Laude, Kristin L. Leimgruber, Emily J. E. Messer, Antonio C. de A. Moura, Ljerka Ostojić, Alejandra Picard, Michael L. Platt, Joshua M. Plotnik, Friederike Range, Simon M. Reader, Rachna B. Reddy, Aaron A. Sandel, Laurie R. Santos, Katrin Schumann, Amanda M. Seed, Kendra B. Sewall, Rachael C. Shaw, Katie E. Slocombe, Yanjie Su, Ayaka Takimoto, Jingzhi Tan, Ruoting Tao, Carel P. van Schaik, Zsófia Virányi, Elisabetta Visalberghi, Jordan C. Wade, Arii Watanabe, Jane Widness, Julie K. Young, Thomas R. Zentall, Yini Zhao
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences May 2014, 111 (20) E2140-E2148; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323533111
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