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Research Article

The evolution of self-control

Evan L. MacLean, Brian Hare, Charles L. Nunn, Elsa Addessi, Federica Amici, Rindy C. Anderson, Filippo Aureli, Joseph M. Baker, Amanda E. Bania, Allison M. Barnard, Neeltje J. Boogert, Elizabeth M. Brannon, Emily E. Bray, Joel Bray, Lauren J. N. Brent, Judith M. Burkart, Josep Call, Jessica F. Cantlon, Lucy G. Cheke, Nicola S. Clayton, Mikel M. Delgado, Louis J. DiVincenti, Kazuo Fujita, Esther Herrmann, Chihiro Hiramatsu, View ORCID ProfileLucia F. Jacobs, Kerry E. Jordan, Jennifer R. Laude, Kristin L. Leimgruber, Emily J. E. Messer, Antonio C. de A. Moura, Ljerka Ostojić, Alejandra Picard, Michael L. Platt, Joshua M. Plotnik, Friederike Range, Simon M. Reader, Rachna B. Reddy, Aaron A. Sandel, Laurie R. Santos, Katrin Schumann, Amanda M. Seed, Kendra B. Sewall, Rachael C. Shaw, Katie E. Slocombe, Yanjie Su, Ayaka Takimoto, Jingzhi Tan, Ruoting Tao, Carel P. van Schaik, Zsófia Virányi, Elisabetta Visalberghi, Jordan C. Wade, Arii Watanabe, Jane Widness, Julie K. Young, Thomas R. Zentall, and Yini Zhao
PNAS May 20, 2014 111 (20) E2140-E2148; first published April 21, 2014; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323533111
Evan L. MacLean
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
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  • For correspondence: maclean@duke.edu
Brian Hare
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
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Charles L. Nunn
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
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Elsa Addessi
cIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy;
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Federica Amici
dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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Rindy C. Anderson
eDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27704;
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Filippo Aureli
fInstituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, CP 91190, Mexico;
gResearch Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom;
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Joseph M. Baker
hCenter for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research and
iDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
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Amanda E. Bania
jCenter for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008;
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Allison M. Barnard
kDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Science and
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Neeltje J. Boogert
lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
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Elizabeth M. Brannon
bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
mPsychology and Neuroscience, and
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Emily E. Bray
nDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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Joel Bray
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
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bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
oDuke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
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Judith M. Burkart
pAnthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Josep Call
dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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Jessica F. Cantlon
kDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Science and
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Lucy G. Cheke
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
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Nicola S. Clayton
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
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Mikel M. Delgado
rDepartment of Psychology and
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Louis J. DiVincenti
sDepartment of Comparative Medicine, Seneca Park Zoo, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620;
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Kazuo Fujita
tGraduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
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Esther Herrmann
dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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Chihiro Hiramatsu
tGraduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
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Lucia F. Jacobs
rDepartment of Psychology and
uHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
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Kerry E. Jordan
Departments of vPsychology and
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Jennifer R. Laude
wDepartment of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506;
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Kristin L. Leimgruber
xDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
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Emily J. E. Messer
lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
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Antonio C. de A. Moura
yDepartamento Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil;
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Ljerka Ostojić
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
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Alejandra Picard
zDepartment of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;
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Michael L. Platt
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
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oDuke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
aaNeurobiology, and
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Joshua M. Plotnik
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
bbThink Elephants International, Stone Ridge, NY 12484;
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Friederike Range
ccMesserli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
ddWolf Science Center, A-2115 Ernstbrunn, Austria;
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Simon M. Reader
eeDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;
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Rachna B. Reddy
ffDepartment of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
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Aaron A. Sandel
ffDepartment of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
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Laurie R. Santos
xDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
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Katrin Schumann
dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
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eDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27704;
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qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
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zDepartment of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;
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ggDepartment of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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tGraduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
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Jingzhi Tan
Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
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lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
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pAnthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Zsófia Virányi
ccMesserli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Elisabetta Visalberghi
cIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy;
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Jordan C. Wade
wDepartment of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506;
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Arii Watanabe
qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
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Jane Widness
xDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
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Julie K. Young
hhWildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322;
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Thomas R. Zentall
wDepartment of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506;
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Yini Zhao
ggDepartment of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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  1. Edited by Jon H. Kaas, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, and approved March 21, 2014 (received for review December 30, 2013)

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Article Information

vol. 111 no. 20 E2140-E2148
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323533111
PubMed: 
24753565

Published By: 
National Academy of Sciences
Print ISSN: 
0027-8424
Online ISSN: 
1091-6490
History: 
  • Published in issue May 20, 2014.
  • Published first April 21, 2014.


Author Information

  1. Evan L. MacLeana,1,
  2. Brian Harea,b,
  3. Charles L. Nunna,
  4. Elsa Addessic,
  5. Federica Amicid,
  6. Rindy C. Andersone,
  7. Filippo Aurelif,g,
  8. Joseph M. Bakerh,i,
  9. Amanda E. Baniaj,
  10. Allison M. Barnardk,
  11. Neeltje J. Boogertl,
  12. Elizabeth M. Brannonb,m,
  13. Emily E. Brayn,
  14. Joel Braya,
  15. Lauren J. N. Brentb,o,
  16. Judith M. Burkartp,
  17. Josep Calld,
  18. Jessica F. Cantlonk,
  19. Lucy G. Chekeq,
  20. Nicola S. Claytonq,
  21. Mikel M. Delgador,
  22. Louis J. DiVincentis,
  23. Kazuo Fujitat,
  24. Esther Herrmannd,
  25. Chihiro Hiramatsut,
  26. Lucia F. Jacobsr,u,
  27. Kerry E. Jordanv,
  28. Jennifer R. Laudew,
  29. Kristin L. Leimgruberx,
  30. Emily J. E. Messerl,
  31. Antonio C. de A. Mouray,
  32. Ljerka Ostojićq,
  33. Alejandra Picardz,
  34. Michael L. Platta,b,o,aa,
  35. Joshua M. Plotnikq,bb,
  36. Friederike Rangecc,dd,
  37. Simon M. Readeree,
  38. Rachna B. Reddyff,
  39. Aaron A. Sandelff,
  40. Laurie R. Santosx,
  41. Katrin Schumannd,
  42. Amanda M. Seedl,
  43. Kendra B. Sewalle,
  44. Rachael C. Shawq,
  45. Katie E. Slocombez,
  46. Yanjie Sugg,
  47. Ayaka Takimotot,
  48. Jingzhi Tana,
  49. Ruoting Taol,
  50. Carel P. van Schaikp,
  51. Zsófia Virányicc,
  52. Elisabetta Visalberghic,
  53. Jordan C. Wadew,
  54. Arii Watanabeq,
  55. Jane Widnessx,
  56. Julie K. Younghh,
  57. Thomas R. Zentallw, and
  58. Yini Zhaogg
  1. Departments of aEvolutionary Anthropology,
  2. aaNeurobiology, and
  3. mPsychology and Neuroscience, and
  4. bCenter for Cognitive Neuroscience,
  5. oDuke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
  6. cIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy;
  7. dDepartment of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
  8. eDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27704;
  9. fInstituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, CP 91190, Mexico;
  10. gResearch Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom;
  11. hCenter for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research and
  12. iDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
  13. jCenter for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008;
  14. kDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Science and
  15. sDepartment of Comparative Medicine, Seneca Park Zoo, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620;
  16. lDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, Scotland;
  17. nDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
  18. pAnthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
  19. qDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
  20. rDepartment of Psychology and
  21. uHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
  22. tGraduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
  23. Departments of vPsychology and
  24. hhWildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322;
  25. wDepartment of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506;
  26. xDepartment of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
  27. yDepartamento Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil;
  28. zDepartment of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;
  29. bbThink Elephants International, Stone Ridge, NY 12484;
  30. ccMesserli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
  31. ddWolf Science Center, A-2115 Ernstbrunn, Austria;
  32. eeDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;
  33. ffDepartment of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
  34. ggDepartment of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  1. Edited by Jon H. Kaas, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, and approved March 21, 2014 (received for review December 30, 2013)

Footnotes

  • ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: maclean{at}duke.edu.
  • Author contributions: E.L.M., B.H., and C.L.N. designed research; E.L.M., B.H., E.A., F. Amici, R.C.A., F. Aureli, J. M. Baker, A.E.B., A.M.B., N.J.B., E.M.B., E.E.B., J.B., L.J.N.B., J. M. Burkart, J.C., J.F.C., L.G.C., N.S.C., M.M.D., L.J.D., K.F., E.H., C.H., L.F.J., K.E.J., J.R.L., K.L.L., E.J.E.M., A.C.d.A.M., L.O., A.P., M.L.P., J.M.P., F.R., S.M.R., R.B.R., A.A.S., L.R.S., K.S., A.M.S., K.B.S., R.C.S., K.E.S., Y.S., A.T., J.T., R.T., C.P.v.S., Z.V., E.V., J.C.W., A.W., J.W., J.K.Y., T.R.Z., and Y.Z. performed research; E.L.M. and C.L.N. analyzed data; and E.L.M., B.H., and C.L.N. wrote the paper.

  • The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  • This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.

  • This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1323533111/-/DCSupplemental.

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  • What single neurons can tell us
    Elaine N Miller, Chet C Sherwood
    eLife 2019 8
  • Wild narrow‐striped mongooses use social information to enhance behavioural flexibility
    Bako Rasolofoniaina, Peter M. Kappeler, Claudia Fichtel, Christian Rutz
    Ethology 2020

Article usage

Article usage: April 2014 to January 2021

AbstractFullPdf
Apr 20148169432808
May 20148739194695
Jun 20141494134192
Jul 201474864130
Aug 20147074075
Sep 201487292100
Oct 201482896114
Nov 20146828684
Dec 2014427115154
Total 20142266612532352
Jan 2015547172123
Feb 2015443249119
Mar 2015443181122
Apr 2015372212175
May 2015433151130
Jun 2015419105110
Jul 2015442122170
Aug 2015460132118
Sep 2015372182150
Oct 2015582276153
Nov 2015629218161
Dec 2015727150184
Total 2015586921501715
Jan 20161248230350
Feb 2016706207104
Mar 2016709226145
Apr 20161214331155
May 2016641262116
Jun 201645415491
Jul 2016278149169
Aug 2016291181101
Sep 2016445329132
Oct 2016406318151
Nov 2016356223172
Dec 2016296129110
Total 2016704427391796
Jan 2017305155148
Feb 2017384162153
Mar 2017459143113
Apr 20171080243149
May 2017453151108
Jun 201731214975
Jul 201724114094
Aug 201721511279
Sep 2017283165188
Oct 2017438140153
Nov 2017427218171
Dec 201726911296
Total 2017486618901527
Jan 2018336205167
Feb 2018312264132
Mar 2018350262175
Apr 2018256232112
May 2018313304210
Jun 2018288212112
Jul 2018532363144
Aug 2018604244126
Sep 2018433277167
Oct 2018237340156
Nov 2018153413112
Dec 2018100367105
Total 2018391434831718
Jan 2019100416111
Feb 2019111264135
Mar 2019120318164
Apr 201991255160
May 201974267130
Jun 201960187114
Jul 201953196104
Aug 201997171123
Sep 201959187118
Oct 2019140307132
Nov 2019115291122
Dec 20195733377
Total 2019107731921490
Jan 2020103384125
Feb 20209740394
Mar 2020105669165
Apr 202089398171
May 202087378216
Jun 202076234117
Jul 202058335119
Aug 202063244120
Sep 2020126381208
Oct 2020141433211
Nov 2020154376178
Dec 2020141312160
Total 2020124045471884
Jan 202174216127
Total 202174216127
Total467501947012609
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The evolution of self-control
Evan L. MacLean, Brian Hare, Charles L. Nunn, Elsa Addessi, Federica Amici, Rindy C. Anderson, Filippo Aureli, Joseph M. Baker, Amanda E. Bania, Allison M. Barnard, Neeltje J. Boogert, Elizabeth M. Brannon, Emily E. Bray, Joel Bray, Lauren J. N. Brent, Judith M. Burkart, Josep Call, Jessica F. Cantlon, Lucy G. Cheke, Nicola S. Clayton, Mikel M. Delgado, Louis J. DiVincenti, Kazuo Fujita, Esther Herrmann, Chihiro Hiramatsu, Lucia F. Jacobs, Kerry E. Jordan, Jennifer R. Laude, Kristin L. Leimgruber, Emily J. E. Messer, Antonio C. de A. Moura, Ljerka Ostojić, Alejandra Picard, Michael L. Platt, Joshua M. Plotnik, Friederike Range, Simon M. Reader, Rachna B. Reddy, Aaron A. Sandel, Laurie R. Santos, Katrin Schumann, Amanda M. Seed, Kendra B. Sewall, Rachael C. Shaw, Katie E. Slocombe, Yanjie Su, Ayaka Takimoto, Jingzhi Tan, Ruoting Tao, Carel P. van Schaik, Zsófia Virányi, Elisabetta Visalberghi, Jordan C. Wade, Arii Watanabe, Jane Widness, Julie K. Young, Thomas R. Zentall, Yini Zhao
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences May 2014, 111 (20) E2140-E2148; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323533111

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The evolution of self-control
Evan L. MacLean, Brian Hare, Charles L. Nunn, Elsa Addessi, Federica Amici, Rindy C. Anderson, Filippo Aureli, Joseph M. Baker, Amanda E. Bania, Allison M. Barnard, Neeltje J. Boogert, Elizabeth M. Brannon, Emily E. Bray, Joel Bray, Lauren J. N. Brent, Judith M. Burkart, Josep Call, Jessica F. Cantlon, Lucy G. Cheke, Nicola S. Clayton, Mikel M. Delgado, Louis J. DiVincenti, Kazuo Fujita, Esther Herrmann, Chihiro Hiramatsu, Lucia F. Jacobs, Kerry E. Jordan, Jennifer R. Laude, Kristin L. Leimgruber, Emily J. E. Messer, Antonio C. de A. Moura, Ljerka Ostojić, Alejandra Picard, Michael L. Platt, Joshua M. Plotnik, Friederike Range, Simon M. Reader, Rachna B. Reddy, Aaron A. Sandel, Laurie R. Santos, Katrin Schumann, Amanda M. Seed, Kendra B. Sewall, Rachael C. Shaw, Katie E. Slocombe, Yanjie Su, Ayaka Takimoto, Jingzhi Tan, Ruoting Tao, Carel P. van Schaik, Zsófia Virányi, Elisabetta Visalberghi, Jordan C. Wade, Arii Watanabe, Jane Widness, Julie K. Young, Thomas R. Zentall, Yini Zhao
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences May 2014, 111 (20) E2140-E2148; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323533111
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