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Research Article

The Holocene temperature conundrum

Zhengyu Liu, View ORCID ProfileJiang Zhu, Yair Rosenthal, Xu Zhang, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Axel Timmermann, Robin S. Smith, Gerrit Lohmann, Weipeng Zheng, and Oliver Elison Timm
PNAS August 26, 2014 111 (34) E3501-E3505; first published August 11, 2014; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407229111
Zhengyu Liu
aNelson Center for Climatic Research and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
bLaboratory of Climate, Ocean, and Atmosphere Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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  • For correspondence: zliu3@wisc.edu
Jiang Zhu
aNelson Center for Climatic Research and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
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  • ORCID record for Jiang Zhu
Yair Rosenthal
cInstitute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8521;
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Xu Zhang
dAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
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Bette L. Otto-Bliesner
eClimate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307-3000;
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Axel Timmermann
fInternational Pacific Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, HI 96822;
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Robin S. Smith
gNational Centre for Atmospheric Science-Climate, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6BB, United Kingdom;
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Gerrit Lohmann
dAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
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Weipeng Zheng
hState Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; and
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Oliver Elison Timm
iDepartment of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222
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  1. Edited by Mark A. Cane, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, and approved July 15, 2014 (received for review April 21, 2014)

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Article Information

vol. 111 no. 34 E3501-E3505
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407229111
PubMed: 
25114253

Published By: 
National Academy of Sciences
Print ISSN: 
0027-8424
Online ISSN: 
1091-6490
History: 
  • Published in issue August 26, 2014.
  • Published first August 11, 2014.

Article Versions

  • Previous version (August 11, 2014 - 12:05).
  • You are viewing the most recent version of this article.
Copyright & Usage: 
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.

Author Information

  1. Zhengyu Liua,b,1,
  2. Jiang Zhua,
  3. Yair Rosenthalc,
  4. Xu Zhangd,
  5. Bette L. Otto-Bliesnere,
  6. Axel Timmermannf,
  7. Robin S. Smithg,
  8. Gerrit Lohmannd,
  9. Weipeng Zhengh, and
  10. Oliver Elison Timmi
  1. aNelson Center for Climatic Research and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
  2. bLaboratory of Climate, Ocean, and Atmosphere Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
  3. cInstitute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8521;
  4. dAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
  5. eClimate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307-3000;
  6. fInternational Pacific Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, HI 96822;
  7. gNational Centre for Atmospheric Science-Climate, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6BB, United Kingdom;
  8. hState Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; and
  9. iDepartment of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222
  1. Edited by Mark A. Cane, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, and approved July 15, 2014 (received for review April 21, 2014)

Footnotes

  • ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: zliu3{at}wisc.edu.
  • Author contributions: Z.L. designed research; J.Z., X.Z., B.L.O.-B., and A.T. performed research; Y.R., B.L.O.-B., A.T., R.S.S., G.L., W.Z., and O.E.T. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; J.Z. analyzed data; and Z.L. wrote the paper.

  • The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  • This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.

  • This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1407229111/-/DCSupplemental.

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Article usage

Article usage: August 2014 to January 2021

AbstractFullPdf
Aug 201491782281801
Sep 20142611379332
Oct 201455068136
Nov 201444586111
Dec 20143258794
Total 2014131098482474
Jan 2015349117102
Feb 20151935495
Mar 20152489198
Apr 201517514457
May 20151537940
Jun 20151745553
Jul 20151527250
Aug 20151214841
Sep 20151887755
Oct 201515310557
Nov 201513210358
Dec 201515311142
Total 201521911056748
Jan 201615223680
Feb 201619513255
Mar 201611410361
Apr 201611615151
May 20163058354
Jun 20162458757
Jul 20161714839
Aug 20161505133
Sep 201635614391
Oct 201619114358
Nov 20161829375
Dec 20161669938
Total 201623431369692
Jan 2017142117105
Feb 201715513355
Mar 2017131185407
Apr 2017187143151
May 2017818315178
Jun 2017608238168
Jul 201726015895
Aug 201723912362
Sep 201714921576
Oct 201717215094
Nov 201712419684
Dec 201712022562
Total 2017310521981537
Jan 201818119978
Feb 2018323297103
Mar 201831832494
Apr 201826327378
May 201822723973
Jun 201825124062
Jul 201828529350
Aug 201836239757
Sep 201824422672
Oct 201852293102
Nov 20184545194
Dec 201830289107
Total 201825813521970
Jan 20193132170
Feb 20194823069
Mar 20196234483
Apr 201969328137
May 201960240106
Jun 201980312138
Jul 20196129790
Aug 20198123897
Sep 201964401111
Oct 2019113296134
Nov 201966411122
Dec 2019881034177
Total 201982344521334
Jan 2020861146530
Feb 2020861052234
Mar 202071380152
Apr 20204836376
May 202047457132
Jun 20203936994
Jul 20205638169
Aug 20205241988
Sep 202080513100
Oct 202066512107
Nov 202070418126
Dec 202069479131
Total 202077064891839
Jan 20211317948
Total 20211317948
Total24935201129642
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Holocene global temperature
Zhengyu Liu, Jiang Zhu, Yair Rosenthal, Xu Zhang, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Axel Timmermann, Robin S. Smith, Gerrit Lohmann, Weipeng Zheng, Oliver Elison Timm
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Aug 2014, 111 (34) E3501-E3505; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407229111

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Holocene global temperature
Zhengyu Liu, Jiang Zhu, Yair Rosenthal, Xu Zhang, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Axel Timmermann, Robin S. Smith, Gerrit Lohmann, Weipeng Zheng, Oliver Elison Timm
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Aug 2014, 111 (34) E3501-E3505; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407229111
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